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Grails¿ªÔ´¿ò¼Ü - ʹÓÃÖ¸ÄÏ

×÷Õß: Graeme Rocher, Marc Palmer

°æ±¾: 1.0

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1. ¼ò½é

ÏñRails£¬DjangoºÍTurboGearsÕâÑùµÄ¶¯Ì¬¿ò¼ÜÔÚWeb¿ª·¢ÁìÓò¿ª±ÙÁËÒ»ÌõеĵÀ·£¬Grails»ùÓÚÕâЩ¸ÅÄîÖ®ÉÏ£¬²ÉÓö¯Ì¬·½·¨¼õСÁËJavaƽ̨ÉϽøÐÐWeb¿ª·¢µÄ¸´ÔӶȣ¬²»¹ýÓëÄÇЩ¿ò¼Ü²»Í¬µÄÊÇ£¬GrailsÊǹ¹½¨ÔÚSpringºÍHibernateµÈJavaÒÑÓеļ¼ÊõÖ®Éϵġ£

GrailsÊÇÒ»¸öfull-stack¿ò¼Ü£¬Ëü½èÖúÓÚºËÐļ¼ÊõÓëÏà¹ØµÄ²å¼þ£¨plug-in£©À´½â¾öWeb¿ª·¢Öз½·½ÃæÃæµÄÎÊÌ⣬ÆäÖаüÀ¨£º

• Ò×ÓÚʹÓõĻùÓÚHibernateµÄ¶ÔÏó-¹ØϵӳÉä(ORM)²ã
• ³ÆΪGroovy Server Pages (GSP)µÄ±íÏֲ㼼Êõ
• »ùÓÚSpring MVCµÄ¿ØÖÆÆ÷²ã
• ¹¹½¨ÓÚGant ÉϵÄÃüÁîÐнű¾ÔËÐл·¾³
• ÄÚÖÃJetty·þÎñÆ÷£¬²»ÓÃÖØÐÂÆô¶¯·þÎñÆ÷¾Í¿ÉÒÔ½øÐÐÖØмÓÔØ
• ÀûÓÃÄÚÖõÄSpring ÈÝÆ÷ʵÏÖÒÀÀµ×¢Èë
• »ùÓÚSpringµÄMessageSourceºËÐĸÅÄÌṩÁ˶Թú¼Ê»¯£¨i18n£©µÄÖ§³Ö
• »ùÓÚSpringÊÂÎñ³éÏó¸ÅÄʵÏÖÊÂÎñ·þÎñ²ã

½èÖúÓÚ¹¦ÄÜÇ¿´óµÄGroovy¶¯Ì¬ÓïÑÔºÍÁìÓòÌض¨ÓïÑÔ£¨Domain Specific Language£¬DSL£©£¬ÒÔÉÏÄÇЩÌØÐÔ±äµÃ·Ç³£Ò×Óá£

ÕâƪÎĵµ»áÏòÄã½éÉÜÈçºÎʹÓÃGrails¿ò¼ÜÀ´´î½¨WebÓ¦ÓóÌÐò¡£

2. Æð²½

2.1 ÏÂÔز¢°²×°Grails

• ÏÂÔØ Grails¶þ½øÖÆ·¢Ðаü²¢½âѹµ½Ö¸¶¨µÄÎļþĿ¼Ï¡£
• ÔÚ»·¾³±äÁ¿ÖÐÌí¼ÓGRAILS_HOME,ֵΪÉÏÒ»²½½âѹµÄÎļþĿ¼¡£
• Unix/LinuxϵͳÉÏÔËÐÐexport GRAILS_HOME=/path/to/grails¡£
• WindowsϵͳÉÏÓÒ»÷¡°ÎҵĵçÄÔ¡±/¡°ÊôÐÔ¡±/¡°¸ß¼¶¡±/¡°»·¾³±äÁ¿¡±£¬µã»÷н¨¡£
• ½«½âѹĿ¼ÏµÄbinĿ¼·¾¶Ìí¼Óµ½pathÖÐ
• Unix/LinuxϵͳÉÏÔËÐÐexport PATH="$PATH:$GRAILS_HOME/bin¡£
• WindowsϵͳÉÏÓÒ»÷¡°ÎҵĵçÄÔ¡±/¡°ÊôÐÔ¡±/¡°¸ß¼¶¡±/¡°»·¾³±äÁ¿¡±£¬ÐÞ¸ÄpathµÄÖµ¡£

Èç¹û»·¾³±äÁ¿ÉèÖÃÎÞÎ󣬴Ëʱ¿ÉÒÔ´ò¿ªÖնˣ¨windowÏÂΪÃüÁîÌáʾ·û£¬Unix/LinuxÏÂΪShell£©£¬ÊäÈëgrails£¬Èç¹ûÆÁÄ»ÉÏÏÔʾÈçÏÂÌáʾÔò˵Ã÷°²×°³É¹¦¡£

Welcome to Grails 1.0 - http://grails.org/
Licensed under Apache Standard License 2.0
Grails home is set to: /Developer/grails-1.0
No script name specified. Use 'grails help' for more info

2.2 ´´½¨Ò»¸öGrailsÓ¦ÓÃ

grails command name

ÏÖÔÚÎÒÃÇΪÁË´´½¨Ò»¸öGrailsÓ¦Óã¬ÐèÒªÊäÈëµÄÃüÁîÊÇcreate-app

grails create-app helloworld

ÕâÑù¾ÍÔÚµ±Ç°Ä¿Â¼Ï´´½¨ÁËÒ»¸öÃûΪhelloworld£¨¼´ÎÒÃǵÄÓ¦ÓóÌÐòÃû£©µÄÎļþ¼Ð£¬ÔÚÕâ¸öÎļþ¼ÐÖаüº¬ÁËÎÒÃÇÕâ¸öÏîÄ¿µÄÕû¸öÎļþĿ¼£¬¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃÈçÏÂÃüÁî½øÈëÕâ¸öĿ¼Öв鿴£º

cd helloworld

2.3 Hello WorldʾÀý

grails create-controller hello  

ÔËÐиÃÃüÁîºó»áÔÚgrails-app/controllerĿ¼Ï´´½¨Ò»¸öÃûΪHelloController.groovyµÄ¿ØÖÆÆ÷£¨¸ü¶à¹ØÓÚ¿ØÖÆÆ÷µÄÄÚÈÝÇë²Î¿¼¿ØÖÆÆ÷Ò»½Ú£©

¿ØÖÆÆ÷Ö÷ÒªÓÃÀ´Íê³É¶ÔWebÇëÇóµÄ´¦Àí£¬ÎÒÃÇÉÔ΢ÐÞ¸ÄһϿØÖÆÆ÷µÄÄÚÈÝ£¬Ê¹ËüÄܹ»ÔÚÒ³ÃæÉÏÊä³ö"Hello World!"µÄ×ÖÑù£¬´úÂëÈçÏÂ:

class HelloController {
	def world = {
		render "Hello World!"
	}
}                           

ÏÖÔÚ¿ØÖÆÆ÷ÒѾ­Íê³ÉÁË£¬½ÓÏÂÀ´ÒªÊ¹ÓÃrun-appÀ´Æô¶¯ÄÚÖõÄjetty·þÎñÆ÷ÔËÐиոմ´½¨µÄhelloworld³ÌÐò

grails run-app

ÔËÐкó»áÔÚ8080¶Ë¿Ú£¨Ä¬ÈÏ£¬¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ-Dserver.portÀ´Ö¸¶¨¶Ë¿Ú£©Æô¶¯·þÎñÆ÷£¬È»ºóÔÚä¯ÀÀÆ÷ÖÐÊäÈëhttp://localhost:8080/helloworldÀ´Æô¶¯Ó¦ÓóÌÐò.

ÔËÐнá¹ûÈçÏÂͼËùʾ£º

Õâ¸öGrails¼ò½éÒ³ÃæÊÇÓÉweb-app/index.gspÀ´ÏÔʾµÄ¡£´ÓÉÏͼ¿ÉÒÔ¿´¼û¸Õ²Å´´½¨µÄ¿ØÖÆÆ÷£¬µã»÷Á´½ÓÖ®ºó»áÔÚä¯ÀÀÆ÷ÖÐÏÔʾHello World!µÄ×ÖÑù¡£

2.4 ʹÓÃIDE

IntelliJ IDEA

ÖÁ½ñΪֹ×î³ÉÊì¡¢×îÈ«ÃæµÄGroovy&Grails¿ª·¢¼¯³É¹¤¾ß¾ÍÊÇIntelliJ IDEA 7.0ºÍËüµÄJetGroovy²å¼þ¡£¶ÔÓÚ´óÐÍÏîÄ¿£¬GrailsÍŶÓÓÅÏÈÍƼöʹÓÃIntelliJ¡£

TextMate

ÓÉÓÚGrailsÄ¿±ê¼¯ÖÐÓÚÈçºÎ¸ü¼ò½à£¬ËùÒÔÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃһЩ¸ü¼òµ¥µÄ±à¼­Æ÷½øÐÐGroovy&GrailsµÄ¿ª·¢£¬ÀýÈçÔÚMacÉÏ¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃTextMate £¬ÏÂÔصØÖ· Texmate bundles SVN

Eclipse

Eclipse µÄGroovy²å¼þ Ò²¿ÉÒÔÖ§³ÖÓï·¨¸ßÁÁ£¬´úÂë×Ô¶¯Íê³ÉµÈÌØÐÔ¡£

ÔÚGrailsµÄWikiÉÏÓиü¶à¹ØÓÚEclipse²å¼þµÄ̸ÂÛ¡£

GrailsÔÚ´´½¨Ó¦ÓÃʱ»á×Ô¶¯´´½¨EclipseµÄ¹¤³ÌÎļþ.projectºÍclasspath£¬ÕâÑùÈç¹ûÒªÔÚEclipseÖе¼ÈëÒ»¸öGrails¹¤³ÌÖ»ÐèÒªÔÚEclipseÖÐÓÒ»÷Package Explorer£¬Ñ¡ÔñImport£¬È»ºóÑ¡ÔñExisting project into Workspace£¬×îºóÖ¸¶¨GrailsµÄÏîĿĿ¼λÖá£

µã»÷OK£¬Finishºó»á×Ô¶¯½«Grails¹¤³Ìµ¼Èëµ½EclipseÖС£ ²¢×Ô¶¯´´½¨ºÏÊʵÄÔËÐÐÅäÖã¨Run Configuration£©£¬ÕâÑùÔÚEclipseÖÐÖ±½Óµã»÷Run¾Í¿ÉÒÔÔËÐÐGrailsµÄÏîÄ¿¡£

2.5 ¹æÔ¼ÅäÖÃ

´Ë´¦½ö½öΪһ¸ö·ÖÀ࣬¾ßÌåµÄÇë²Î¿¼Ïà¹ØÕ½ڣº

• grails-app - GroovyÔ´ÎļþµÄ¶¥¼¶Ä¿Â¼
• conf - ÅäÖÃÎļþĿ¼,Ïêϸ²Î¿¼ÅäÖÃ.
• controllers - ¿ØÖÆÆ÷Ŀ¼£¨MVCÄ£ÐÍÖеÄC£©£¬Ïêϸ²Î¿¼¿ØÖÆÆ÷
• domain - ÁìÓòÄ£ÐÍĿ¼£¨MVCÄ£ÐÍÖеÄM£©£¬Ïêϸ²Î¿¼GORM
• i18n - ¹ú¼Ê»¯Ä¿Â¼£¬ÓÃÀ´Ö§³Öi18n£¬Ïêϸ²Î¿¼¹ú¼Ê»¯
• services - ·þÎñĿ¼£¬Ïêϸ²Î¿¼·þÎñ²ã
• taglib - ±êÇ©¿âĿ¼£¬Ïêϸ²Î¿¼±êÇ©¿â
• views - ÊÓͼGSPĿ¼£¨MVCÖеÄV£©£¬Ïêϸ²Î¿¼GSP
• scripts - Gant½Å±¾Ä¿Â¼,Ïêϸ²Î¿¼Gant½Å±¾
• src - Ô´ÎļþĿ¼
• groovy - ÆäËûµÄGroovyÔ´ÎļþĿ¼
• java - ÆäËûµÄJavaÔ´ÎļþĿ¼
• test - µ¥ÔªºÍ¼¯³É²âÊÔĿ¼,Ïêϸ²Î¿¼²âÊÔ

2.6 ÔËÐÐGrailsÓ¦ÓÃ

grails run-app

Èç¹û8080¶Ë¿ÚÒѾ­±»Õ¼Ó㬿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý server.port ²ÎÊýÖ¸¶¨ÆäËû¶Ë¿Ú

grails -Dserver.port=8090 run-app

¸ü¶à¹ØÓÚrun-appµÄÄÚÈÝ¿ÉÒÔ²ÎÕղο¼Ö¸ÄÏ¡£

2.7 ²âÊÔGrailsÓ¦ÓÃ

grails test-app

Grails»á×Ô¶¯´´½¨AntµÄbuild.xmlÎļþ£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýAntÀ´ÔËÐвâÊÔ(ÆäʵÔËÐеÄÊÇGrailsµÄtest-app)¡£

ant test

ÕâÑùµ±GrailsÓ¦ÓÃ×÷Ϊ³ÖÐø¼¯³Éƽ̨£¬ÀýÈçCruiseControlµÄÒ»²¿·Öʱ¾Í»áÊ®·Ö·½±ã

2.8 ²¿ÊðGrailsÓ¦ÓÃ

grails war

ÕâÌõÃüÁî»áÉú³Éµ±Ç°Ó¦ÓõÄwarÎļþ£¬¿ÉÒÔ°´ÕÕ·þÎñÆ÷ÈÝÆ÷µÄ²»Í¬½øÐÐÏàÓ¦µÄÅäÖÃ.

Ò»¶¨²»ÒªÊ¹ÓÃrun-appÃüÁîÀ´²¿ÊðGrails£¬ÒòΪ´ËÃüÁî»áÔÚÔËÐÐʱ×Ô¶¯¼ÓÔØ£¬ÕâÑù»á¶Ô·þÎñÆ÷µÄÐÔÄܺͿÉÀ©Õ¹ÐÔÓÐÑÏÖØÓ°Ïì¡£

µ±²¿ÊðʱӦµ±Í¨JVMµÄ-server²ÎÊýÀ´Îª·þÎñÆ÷·ÖÅä×ã¹»µÄÄÚ´æ¿Õ¼ä£¬ÍƼöµÄVM²ÎÊýÊÇ£º

-server -Xmx512M

2.9 ËùÖ§³ÖµÄJava EEÈÝÆ÷

• Tomcat 5.5
• Tomcat 6.0
• GlassFish v1 (Sun AS 9.0)
• GlassFish v2 (Sun AS 9.1)
• Sun App Server 8.2
• Websphere 6.1
• Websphere 5.1
• Resin 3.2
• Oracle AS
• JBoss 4.2
• Jetty 6.1
• Jetty 5
• Weblogic 7/8/9/10

ËäÈ»ÔÚһЩ·þÎñÆ÷ÉÏÔËÐл¹´æÔÚBug£¬µ«ÊǴ󲿷ÖÇé¿ö϶¼¿ÉÒÔ¹¤×÷µÄºÜºÃ¡£ÔÚGrailsµÄWikiÉÏ¿ÉÒÔÕÒµ½¹ØÓÚÒÑÖª²¿ÊðÎÊÌâµÄÇåµ¥¡£

2.10 ´´½¨¹¤¼þ

ΪÁË·½±ã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃIDE»òÕßÆäËûÄãϲ»¶µÄ±à¼­Æ÷À´´´½¨

grails create-domain-class book

ÕâÑù»áÔÚgrails-app/domain/Book.groovyÖд´½¨Ò»¸öÁìÓòÀ࣬ÆäÄÚÈÝÈçÏÂ:

class Book {	
}

¸ü¶àµÄcreate-*ÃüÁî¿ÉÒÔÔڲο¼Ö¸ÄϵÄÃüÁîÐÐÖб»Ì½Ë÷¡£

2.11 Éú³ÉGrailsÓ¦ÓÃ

grails generate-all Book

¸ü¶à¹ØÓÚ½ÅÊּܵÄÄÚÈÝÇë²Î¿¼Óû§Ö¸Äϵĺó±ßÕ½ڡ£

3. ÅäÖÃ

ʵ¼ÊÉÏGrailsµÄĬÈÏÅäÖÃÒѾ­×ãÒÔÎÒÃǽøÐпª·¢£¬²¢ÇÒËüÄÚÖÃÁËÈÝÆ÷ºÍÄÚ´æģʽµÄHSQLÊý¾Ý¿â£¬ÕâÑùÎÒÃǼ¸ºõÁ¬Êý¾Ý¿â¶¼²»ÓÃÅäÖÃÁË¡£

²»¹ý£¬ÔÚ½«À´Äã¿Ï¶¨ÊÇÏëÒªÅäÖÃÒ»¸öÕæÕýµÄÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ£¬ÏÂÃæµÄÕ½ڽ«½éÉÜÈçºÎʵÏÖ¡£

3.1 »ù±¾ÅäÖÃ

ÀýÈ磬¿ÉÒÔÔÚÎļþÖмÓÉÏ×Ô¼º¶¨ÒåµÄÅäÖÃÐÅÏ¢¡£

foo.bar.hello = "world"

ÕâÑùÔÚÓ¦ÓóÌÐòÖÐÓÐÁ½ÖÖ·½Ê½¿ÉÒÔ·ÃÎÊÕâЩÅäÖÃÐÅÏ¢¡£×î³£ÓõÄÒ»ÖÖ·½Ê½ÊÇͨ¹ýGrailsApplication¶ÔÏó£¬ËüÔÚ¿ØÖÆÆ÷ºÍ±êÇ©¿âÖж¼¿ÉÒÔ×÷Ϊ±äÁ¿À´Ê¹Óá£

assert "world" == grailsApplication.config.foo.bar.hello

3.1.1 ÄÚÖÃÑ¡Ïî

• grails.config.locations - ÊôÐÔ£¨properties£©ÎļþµÄλÖûòÕßGrails½«Í¬Ö÷ÅäÖúϲ¢µÄ¶îÍâÅäÖÃÎļþ¡£
• grails.enable.native2ascii-Èç¹û²»ÐèÒª¶ÔGrailsµÄi18nÅäÖÃÎļþʹÓÃĬÈϵÄnative2asciiÔ¼¶¨£¬¿ÉÒÔ½«¸ÃÑ¡ÏîÉèΪfalse¡£
• grails.views.default.codec - ÉèÖÃGSPȱʡµÄ×Ö·û±àÂ룬¿ÉÒÔÊÇ£º'none', 'html', »òÕß 'base64' (ȱʡΪ'none'). ΪÁ˼õÉÙXSS¹¥»÷µÄ·çÏÕ£¬½¨ÒéÉèÖóÉ'html'.
• grails.views.gsp.encoding - GSPÔ´ÎļþµÄ×Ö·û±àÂ루ȱʡÊÇ'utf-8'£©
• grails.war.destFile - ÉèÖÃwarÉú³ÉWARÎļþµÄλÖÃ
• grails.mime.file.extensions - ÊÇ·ñʹÓÃÎļþµÄÀ©Õ¹Ãû±íʾÄÚÈÝЭÉÌÖеÄýÌåÀàÐÍ(mime type)
• grails.mime.types - ÄÚÈÝЭÉÌËùÖ§³ÖµÄýÌåÀàÐÍ
• grails.serverURL - Ò»¸öÖ¸Ïò·þÎñÆ÷URLµÄ¾ø¶ÔÁ¬½Ó£¬°üÀ¨·þÎñÆ÷Ãû³Æ±ÈÈçgrails.serverURL="http://my.yourportal.com". ÏêϸÇë¿´createLink.

3.1.2 ÈÕÖ¾

ÈÕÖ¾»ù´¡

Grailsͨ¹ý×ÔÉíµÄÅäÖûúÖÆÀ´ÅäÖÃLog4j ÈÕ־ϵͳ¡£ÒªÊ¹ÓÃÈÕÖ¾¼Ç¼¹¦ÄÜ£¬ÐèÒªÐÞ¸ÄλÓÚgrails-app/confĿ¼ÏµÄConfig.groovyÎļþ¡£ÔÚÕâ¸öÎļþÖпÉÒÔÖ¸¶¨²»Í¬»·¾³£¬ÀýÈçdevelopment,testºÍproduction»·¾³ÏµÄÈÕÖ¾·½Ê½¡£Grails»á×Ô¶¯´¦Àí¸ÃÎļþ²¢ÔÚweb-app/WEB-INF/classesĿ¼ÏÂÉú³ÉÏàÓ¦µÄlog4j.propertiesÎļþ¡£

ÀýÈ磬ÔÚGrailsÖпÉÒÔ°´ÕÕÈçÏ·½Ê½ÅäÖÃLog4j£º

log4j {
    appender.stdout = "org.apache.log4j.ConsoleAppender"
	appender.'stdout.layout'="org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout"
    rootLogger="error,stdout"
    logger {
        grails="info,stdout"
        org {
            grails.spring="info,stdout"
            codehaus.groovy.grails.web="info,stdout"
            codehaus.groovy.grails.commons="info,stdout"
            …
        }
}

Èç¹ûÏëʹÓÃLog4jÎļþµÄ±ê×¼·ç¸ñ½øÐÐÅäÖ㬿ÉÒÔʹÓÃGroovyÖеĶàÐÐ×Ö·û´®£¬ÀýÈ磺

log4j = '''
log4j.appender.stdout=org.apache.log4j.ConsoleAppender
log4j.appender.stdout.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout
# ...remaining configuration
'''

ÆäËûһЩÓÐÓõÄÈÕÖ¾¼Ç¼Æ÷°üÀ¨£º

• org.codehaus.groovy.grails.commons - ÓÃÀ´¼Ç¼ºËÐŤ¼þµÄÐÅÏ¢£¬ÀýÈçÀàµÄ¼ÓÔصȵȡ£
• org.codehaus.groovy.grails.web - ÓÃÀ´¼Ç¼Grails webÇëÇó´¦Àí
• org.codehaus.groovy.grails.web.mapping - ÓÃÀ´µ÷ÊÔURLÓ³Éä
• org.codehaus.groovy.grails.plugins - ÓÃÀ´¼Ç¼²å¼þµÄ»î¶¯×´¿ö
• org.springframework - ÓÃÀ´¼Ç¼SpringµÄ»î¶¯
• org.hibernate - ÓÃÀ´¼Ç¼HibernateµÄ»î¶¯

ÍêÕûµÄÐÅÏ¢¸ú×Ù

µ±Òì³£·¢ÉúµÄʱºò£¬¿ÉÄÜÓÉÓÚJavaºÍGroovyÄÚ²¿µÄ´íÎó¶ø²úÉúÒ»´ó¶ÑµÄÎÞÓÃÐÅÏ¢¡£Grails¶ÔÕâЩ²»ÐèÒªµÄÐÅÏ¢½øÐÐÁ˹ýÂË£¬±£Ö¤¶Ô·ÇGrails/GroovyºËÐÄÀà°üµÄÐÅÏ¢¸ú×Ù¡£

ͨ³£ÕâЩÐÅÏ¢¶¼»áͨ¹ýStackTraceÈÕÖ¾¼Ç¼Æ÷¼Ç¼µ½stacktrace.logÎļþÖС£²»¹ýͨ¹ýÐÞ¸ÄConfig.groovy¿ÉÒԸıäÆä¼Ç¼·½Ê½£¬ÀýÈçÈç¹ûÒª½«¸ú×ÙÐÅÏ¢Ö±½ÓÊä³öµ½±ê×¼Êä³ö£¨standard out£©£¬ÐèÒª½«ÈçÏÂÅäÖÃ:

StackTrace="error,errors"

ÐÞ¸ÄΪ:

StackTrace="error,stdout"

Ò²¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÉèÖÃgrails.full.stacktraceÐéÄâ»úÊôÐÔΪtrueÀ´½ûÓöԸú×ÙÐÅÏ¢µÄ¹ýÂË£¬ÀýÈç

grails -Dgrails.full.stacktrace=true run-app

°´ÕÕ¹æÔ¼µÄÈÕÖ¾¼Ç¼

ËùÓеÄÓ¦ÓóÌÐò¹¤¼þ¶¼¶¯Ì¬µØÔö¼ÓÁËlogÊôÐÔ£¬ÆäÖаüÀ¨ÁìÓòÄ£ÐÍ£¨Domain Class£©£¬¿ØÖÆÆ÷ÒÔ¼°±êÇ©¿âµÈµÈ¡£Ê¹Ó÷½·¨ÈçÏÂËùʾ:

def foo = "bar"
log.debug "The value of foo is $foo"

ÔÚGrailsÖÐʹÓÃgrails.app.<artefactType>.ClassNameµÄÃüÃû¹æÔ¼À´ÃüÃûÈÕÖ¾¼Ç¼Æ÷¡£ÀýÈç

# Set level for all application artefacts
log4j.logger.grails.app="info, stdout"
# Set for a specific controller
log4j.logger.grails.app.controller.YourController="debug, stdout"
# Set for a specific domain class
log4j.logger.grails.app.domain.Book="debug, stdout"
# Set for a specific taglib
log4j.logger.grails.app.tagLib.FancyAjax="debug, stdout"
# Set for all taglibs
log4j.logger.grails.app.tagLib="info, stdout"

ÆäÖеŤ¼þÃû£¨¼´<artefactType>£©Ò²ÊÇ°´ÕÕ¹æÔ¼À´ÃüÃûµÄ£¬Ò»Ð©³£¼ûµÄÈçÏÂËùʾ:

• bootstrap - ÓÃÓÚÆô¶¯Ê±µÄ¼ÓÔØÀà
• dataSource - ÓÃÓÚÊý¾ÝÔ´
• tagLib - ÓÃÓÚ±êÇ©¿â
• service - ÓÃÓÚ·þÎñÀà
• controller - ÓÃÓÚ¿ØÖÆÆ÷
• domain - ÓÃÓÚÁìÓòÄ£ÐÍÀà

3.2 »·¾³

¸÷¸ö»·¾³µÄÅäÖÃ

GrailsÖ§³ÖÕë¶Ô²»Í¬µÄ»·¾³½øÐв»Í¬µÄÅäÖã¬ÕâÑù²»¹ÜÊÇConfig.groovyÎļþ»¹ÊÇgrails-app/confĿ¼ÏµÄDataSource.groovyÎļþ£¬¶¼¿ÉÒÔ½èÖúÓÚConfigSlurper À´Ëæʱ¸Ä±äËù´¦µÄ»·¾³¡£ÀýÈ磬ĬÈÏGrailsÖеÄDataSource¶¨ÒåÈçÏ£º

dataSource {
    pooling = false                          
    driverClassName = "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver"	
    username = "sa"
    password = ""				
}
environments {
    development {
        dataSource {
            dbCreate = "create-drop" // one of 'create', 'createeate-drop','update'
            url = "jdbc:hsqldb:mem:devDB"
        }
    }   
    test {
        dataSource {
            dbCreate = "update"
            url = "jdbc:hsqldb:mem:testDb"
        }
    }   
    production {
        dataSource {
            dbCreate = "update"
            url = "jdbc:hsqldb:file:prodDb;shutdown=true"
        }
    }
}

×¢Ò⣬ÔÚÎļþµÄ×ʼÌṩÁËÒ»¸öͨÓõÄÅäÖã¬È»ºóÔÚenvironments´úÂë¿éÖÐÕë¶Ô²»Í¬µÄ»·¾³ÏµÄDataSource£¬ÅäÖÃÁ˶ÔÓ¦µÄdbCreateºÍurlÊôÐÔ¡£ÔÚConfig.groovyÖÐÒ²¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃÕâÑùµÄÓï·¨¡£

´ò°üÒÔ¼°Çл»»·¾³

grailsµÄÃüÁîÐÐÖпÉÒÔÖ¸¶¨ÔËÐÐʱµÄ»·¾³£¬ÐÎʽÈçÏ£º

grails [environment] [command name]

ÆäÖеÄenvironment²ÎÊý·Ö±ðÓÃdev,prod,testÖ¸´ú¿ª·¢»·¾³£¨development£©£¬²úÆ·»·¾³£¨production£©ÒÔ¼°²âÊÔ»·¾³£¨test£©£¬ÀýÈçÎÒÃÇÏëÔÚ²âÊÔ»·¾³Öд´½¨warÎļþ£¬¿ÉÒÔÖ´ÐÐÈçÏÂÃüÁ

grails test war

Èç¹û×Ô¶¨ÒåÁËÆäËûµÄ»·¾³£¬¿ÉÒÔÔÚÃüÁîÐÐÖÐͨ¹ýgrails.env²ÎÊýÖ¸¶¨»·¾³£¬ÀýÈç:

grails -Dgrails.env=UAT run-app

ÔÚ³ÌÐòÖмì²â»·¾³

ÔÚGant½Å±¾»òÕßÆô¶¯ÀàÖУ¬¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýGrailsUtilÀàÀ´ÅжÏÔËÐеĻ·¾³£¬ÀýÈ磺

import grails.util.GrailsUtil
...
switch(GrailsUtil.environment) {
	case "development":
	   configureForDevelopment()
	break
	case "production":
	   configureForProduction()
	break 
}

3.3 Êý¾ÝÔ´

Ê×ÏÈ£¬Èç¹ûҪʹÓÃHSQLÖ®ÍâÆäËüµÄÊý¾Ý¿â£¬ÐèÒªÓÐÏàÓ¦µÄJDBC Driver£¨Çý¶¯£©£¬ÀýÈç¶ÔÓÚMySQLÐèÒªÓÐ Connector/J

ÕâЩÊý¾Ý¿âÇý¶¯Ò»°ã¶¼ÊÇJARµÄÐÎʽ·¢²¼£¬Ö»ÐèÒª°ÑÕâЩJARÎļþ·Åµ½¹¤³ÌϵÄlibĿ¼Ï¼´¿É¡£

ÔÚ·ÅÖÃÍêJDBCÇý¶¯ºó£¬ÎÒÃÇÐèÒªÊìϤÒÔÏÂλÓÚgrails-app/conf/ϵÄGrailsÊý¾Ý¿âÅäÖÃÎļþDataSoruce.groovy¡£³õʼ״̬ϸÃÎļþ»á°üÀ¨ÈçÏÂÑ¡Ïî:

• driverClassName - JDBC Çý¶¯£¨driver£©µÄÀàÃû
• username - ÓÃÀ´´´½¨JDBCÁ¬½ÓµÄÓû§Ãû
• password - ÓÃÀ´´´½¨JDBCÁ¬½ÓµÄÃÜÂë
• url - Êý¾Ý¿âµÄ JDBC URL
• dbCreate - ÊÇ·ñ¸ù¾ÝÓòÄ£ÐÍÀà×Ô¶¯´´½¨Êý¾Ý¿â
• pooling - ÊÇ·ñʹÓÃÊý¾ÝÁ¬½Ó³Ø(ĬÈÏÉèÖÃΪtrue)
• logSql - Æô¶¯sqlÈÕÖ¾¼Ç¼

Ò»¸öµäÐ͵ÄMySQLµÄÅäÖÃÈçÏ£º

                             
dataSource {
	pooling = true
	dbCreate = "update"
	url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/yourDB"
	driverClassName = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"
	username = "yourUser"
	password = "yourPassword"	
}

3.3.1 Êý¾ÝÔ´ºÍ»·¾³

²»¹ýGrailsÖеÄÊý¾ÝÔ´ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ¸ù¾Ý²»Í¬»·¾³À´½øÐв»Í¬µÄÅäÖã¬ÀýÈ磺

dataSource {
	// common settings here
}                     
environments {
  production {
     dataSource {
          url = "jdbc:mysql://liveip.com/liveDb"					
     }			
  }
}

3.3.2 JNDIÊý¾ÝÔ´

ËùÒÔGrailsÒ²ÌṩÁ˸ù¾ÝJNDIÀ´ÅäÖÃÊý¾ÝÔ´µÄ·½Ê½,ʾÀýÈçÏ£º

dataSource {
    jndiName = "java:comp/env/myDataSource"
}

ËäÈ»J2EEÈÝÆ÷¼ä¶¨ÒåJNDIÃû³Æ¸ñʽ²î±ðºÜ´ó£¬µ«ÊÇÄ㶨ÒåDataSourceµÄ·½Ê½ÒÀ¾ÉÊÇÏàͬµÄ¡£

3.3.3 ×Ô¶¯Êý¾Ý¿âÒÆÖ²

• create-drop - µ±GrailsÔËÐÐʱɾ³ý²¢ÖØн¨Á¢Êý¾Ý¿â
• create - Èç¹ûÊý¾Ý¿â²»´æÔÚÔò´´½¨Êý¾Ý¿â£¬´æÔÚÔò²»×÷ÈκÎÐÞ¸Ä
• update - Èç¹ûÊý¾Ý¿â²»´æÔÚÔò´´½¨Êý¾Ý¿â£¬´æÔÚÔò½øÐÐÐÞ¸Ä

¿ª·¢»·¾³£¨development£©ÏÂdbCreateÊôÐÔĬÈÏÉèÖÃΪcreate-drop:

dataSource {
	dbCreate = "create-drop" // one of 'create', 'create-drop','update'
}

ÕâÑùÔÚGrailsÓ¦ÓóÌÐòÆô¶¯µÄʱºò»áɾ³ýµôÔ­À´µÄÊý¾Ý¿â²¢ÖØн¨Á¢£¬ÔÚproduction»·¾³ÖÐͨ³£ÐèÒªÐ޸ĸÃÖµ¡£

ËäÈ»GrailsÔÝʱ²»Ö§³ÖRails·½Ê½µÄÒÆÖ²£¬²»¹ý¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý°²×°LiquiBaseºÍDbMigrateÁ½¸ö²å¼þÀ´ÊµÏÖ£¬ÔÚ¿ØÖÆ̨ÖпÉÒÔͨ¹ýgrails list-pluginsÃüÁîÀ´²é¿´ÕâÁ½¸ö²å¼þ¡£

3.4 ÍⲿÅäÖÃ

ΪÁËÖ§³ÖÕâÖÖÍⲿÅäÖã¬ÐèÒªÔÚConfig.groovyÎļþÖÐÊ×ÏÈÖ¸¶¨grails.config.locationsÑ¡ÏÒÔ±ã¸æËßGrailsÓ¦¸Ãµ½ºÎ´¦È¥¼ÓÔØÍⲿÅäÖÃÎļþ¡£

grails.config.locations = [ "classpath:${appName}-config.properties",
                            "classpath:${appName}-config.groovy",
                            "file:${userHome}/.grails/${appName}-config.properties",
                            "file:${userHome}/.grails/${appName}-config.groovy"]

ÔÚÉÏÀýÖУ¬ÎÒÃǼÓÔØÁ˲»Í¬classpathÏÂÒÔ¼°USER_HOMEϵÄÅäÖÃÎļþ£¬°üÀ¨JavaÊôÐÔÎļþºÍConfigSlurper ÅäÖÃÎļþ¡£

×îÖÕ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýGrailsApplication¶ÔÏóµÄconfigÊôÐÔÀ´»ñµÃÕâЩÅäÖÃÎļþÖеÄÖµ¡£

Grails»¹Ö§³ÖSpring ÖеÄÊôÐÔռ루property place holders£©ºÍÊôÐÔÖØÔØ£¨property override£©ÅäÖ㬹ØÓÚÕâЩ·½ÃæµÄÏêϸÄÚÈÝÇë²Î¿¼GrailsºÍSpringÕ½ڡ£

3.5 ¶¨Òå°æ±¾

°æ±¾¶¨Òå»ù´¡

GrailsÄÚÖÃÖ§³ÖÓ¦ÓóÌÐòµÄ°æ±¾¶¨Òå¡£µ±Ê¹ÓÃcreate-app´´½¨Ò»¸öÓ¦ÓóÌÐòµÄʱºò£¬¸ÃÓ¦ÓóÌÐòµÄ°æ±¾¼´±»ÉèÖÃΪ0.1¡£°æ±¾ÊÇ´æ´¢ÔÚÏîÄ¿ÎļþµÄ¸ùĿ¼ÏµÄapplication.propertiesÔªÎļþÖС£

Òª¸Ä±äÓ¦ÓóÌÐòµÄ°æ±¾¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃset-versionÃüÁÀýÈ磻

grails set-version 0.2

GrialsÔںܶàµÄÃüÁîÖж¼»áʹÓõ½°æ±¾£¬ÀýÈçwarÃüÁî¾Í»áÔÚÉú³ÉµÄWARÎļþ×îºó¼ÓÉÏÓ¦ÓóÌÐòµÄ°æ±¾¡£

ÔËÐÐʱÅжϰ汾

ÓÉÓÚGrailsÖ§³ÖÓ¦ÓóÌÐòÔªÊý¾Ý£¨metadata£©£¬ËùÒÔ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýGrailsApplicationÀàÀ´µÃµ½µ±Ç°µÄ°æ±¾ÐÅÏ¢¡£ÀýÈçÔÚ¿ØÖÆÆäÖпÉÒÔʹÓÃÄÚÖõÄgrailsApplication±äÁ¿¡£

def version = grailsApplication.metadata['app.version']

Èç¹ûÏë²é¿´GrailsµÄ°æ±¾£¬¿ÉÒÔÓÐÁ½ÖÖ·½Ê½£º

def grailsVersion = grailsApplication.metadata['app.grails.version']

»òÕß GrailsUtilÀࣺ

import grails.util.*
def grailsVersion = GrailsUtil.grailsVersion

4. ÃüÁîÐÐ

²»¹ýGrailsͨ¹ýʹÓùæÔ¼ÒÔ¼°grailsÃüÁî½øÒ»²½¶ÔÆä½øÐÐÁËÀ©Õ¹¡£µ±ÊäÈë:

grails [command name]

• USER_HOME/.grails/scripts
• PROJECT_HOME/scripts
• PROJECT_HOME/plugins/*/scripts
• GRAILS_HOME/scripts

Grails»á×Ô¶¯½«ÃüÁîÃû³Æ´ÓСдÐÎʽת»»³ÉÍÕ·åÐÎʽ£¨camel case£©À´²éÕÒÏàÓ¦½Å±¾Îļþ£¬ÀýÈçÈç¹ûÊäÈë:

grails run-app

ÄÇôGrails»áÈ¥ËÑË÷ÒÔϽű¾Îļþ£º

• USER_HOME/.grails/scripts/RunApp.groovy
• PROJECT_HOME/scripts/RunApp.groovy
• PROJECT_HOME/plugins/*/scripts/RunApp.groovy
• GRAILS_HOME/scripts/RunApp.groovy

Èç¹ûÓжà¸öÆ¥ÅäÎļþ£¬Grails»áÈÃÄãÑ¡ÔñÆäÖеÄÒ»¸öÀ´Ö´ÐС£µ±Gant½Å±¾Ö´ÐеÄʱºò£¬¡°default¡±Ä¿±ê£¨Target£©Ò²»áһִͬÐС£

ÒªÏë»ñµÃÓÐЧÃüÁîµÄÇåµ¥£¬¿ÉÒÔÊäÈë:

grails help

ÕâÑù»áÁгöGrailsÖпÉÒÔʹÓÃÃüÁîÇåµ¥£¬È磺

Usage (optionals marked with *): 
grails [environment]* [target] [arguments]*
Examples: 
grails dev run-app	
grails create-app books
Available Targets (type grails help 'target-name' for more info):
grails bootstrap
grails bug-report
grails clean
grails compile
...

¹ØÓÚµ¥¸öÃüÁîµÄ¸ü¶àÏêϸÐÅÏ¢Çë²Î¿¼×ó±ß²Ëµ¥µÄÃüÁîÐÐÖ¸ÄÏ¡£

4.1 ´´½¨Gant½Å±¾

grails create-script compile-sources

ÕâÌõÃüÁî»áÔÚscriptsĿ¼Ï´´½¨Ò»¸öÃûΪCompileSources.groovyµÄ½Å±¾Îļþ¡£Gant½Å±¾±¾ÉíÀàËÆÓÚGroovy´úÂ룬µ«ÊÇËü¿ÉÒÔÖ§³ÖÄ¿±ê£¨Target£©ÒÔ¼°ËüÃÇÖ®¼äµÄÒÀÀµ¹Øϵ¡£

target(default:"The default target is the one that gets executed by Grails") {
	depends(clean, compile)
}
target(clean:"Clean out things") {
	Ant.delete(dir:"output")
}
target(compile:"Compile some sources") {
	Ant.mkdir(dir:"mkdir")
	Ant.javac(srcdir:"src/java", destdir:"output")
}

´ÓÈçÉϽű¾ÖпÉÒÔ¿´³ö£¬ÆäÖÐÓÐÒ»¸öĬÈÏ¿ÉÒÔ·ÃÎÊApache Ant APIµÄAnt±äÁ¿¡£

ÈçÉÏdefaultÄ¿±êÖÐËùʹÓõÄÒ»Ñù£¬ÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃdepends·½·¨À´Ö¸¶¨ÆäÒÀÀµµÄÆäËûÄ¿±ê¡£

4.2 ¿É¸´ÓõÄGrails½Å±¾

ÒÔbootstrap½Å±¾ÎªÀý£¬ÒÔÏ´úÂë¿ÉÒÔÔÚÆô¶¯Ê±µ÷ÓÃSpringÖеÄApplicationContextʵÀýÀ´·ÃÎÊÊý¾ÝÔ´£º

Ant.property(environment:"env")                             
grailsHome = Ant.antProject.properties."env.GRAILS_HOME"
includeTargets << new File ( "${grailsHome}/scripts/Bootstrap.groovy" )

target ('default': "Load the Grails interactive shell") {
	depends( configureProxy, packageApp, classpath, loadApp, configureApp )
	Connection c 
	try {
		// do something with connection
		c = appCtx.getBean('dataSource').getConnection()
	}
	finally {
		c?.close()
	}
}

4.3 ½Å±¾ÖеÄʼþ

´Ë»úÖÆ×ÚÖ¼ÊǼòµ¥ºÍ×ÔÓÉ£¬Òò´ËÎÞ·¨µÃµ½ËùÓпÉÄÜ´¥·¢Ê¼þµÄÁÐ±í¡£ÕâÑùµ±Ã»ÓкËÐÄÄ¿±ê½Å±¾´¥·¢Ê¼þµÄʱºò£¬¾ÍÓпÉÄܵ÷Óòå¼þ½Å±¾Ëù´¥·¢µÄʼþ¡£

¶¨Òåʼþ¾ä±ú

ʼþ¾ä±úÊÇÔÚscripts/Ŀ¼Ï£¨²å¼þ½Å±¾£©»òÕßUSER_HOMEĿ¼ÏµÄ.grails/scripts/Ŀ¼ÏµÄEvents.groovy½Å±¾Öж¨ÒåµÄ¡£µ±Ò»¸öʼþ´¥·¢µÄʱºò»áµ÷ÓÃËùÓеÄʼþ½Å±¾£¬ËùÒÔ¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ10¸ö²å¼þ½Å±¾»òÕßʹÓÃÒ»¸öÓû§×Ô¶¨Òå½Å±¾À´´¦Àíʼþ¡£

ÔÚEvents.groovyÖÐÊÇͨ¹ýÒÔ¡°event¡±¿ªÍ·ÃüÃûµÄ´úÂë¿éÀ´¶¨ÒåʼþµÄ¡£ÈçÏÂÀýËùʾ£¬Ç뽫ÏÂÀý·ÅÈë/scriptsĿ¼¡£

eventCreatedArtefact = { type, name ->
   println "Created $type $name"
}
eventStatusUpdate = { msg ->
   println msg
}
eventStatusFinal = { msg ->
   println msg
}

¿ÉÒÔ¿´µ½ÆäÖж¨ÒåÁËÈý¸ö¾ä±úeventCreatedArtefact,eventStatusUpdateºÍeventStatusFinal¡£GrailsÒ²ÌṩÆäËûһЩ±ê×¼µÄʼþ£¬¿ÉÒÔÔÚÃüÁîÐвο¼Ö¸ÄÏÖÐÕÒµ½¡£ÀýÈ磬compileÃüÁî»á´¥·¢ÈçÏÂʼþ¡£

• CompileStart - µ±±àÒ뿪ʼʱ´¥·¢£¬Ö¸¶¨±àÒëµÄÀàÐÍ??Ô´Îļþ»òÕß²âÊÔ
• CompileEnd - µ±±àÒë½áÊøʱ´¥·¢£¬Ö¸¶¨±àÒëµÄÀàÐÍ??Ô´Îļþ»òÕß²âÊÔ

´¥·¢Ê¼þ

ÈçÏÂÀýËùʾ£¬Òª´¥·¢Init.groovy½Å±¾µÄʼþÖ»ÐèÒýÈëËü²¢ÇÒµ÷ÓÃevent()±Õ°ü¡£

Ant.property(environment:"env")
grailsHome = Ant.antProject.properties."env.GRAILS_HOME"
includeTargets << new File ( "${grailsHome}/scripts/Init.groovy" )

event("StatusFinal", ["Super duper plugin action complete!"])

³£ÓÃʼþ

ϱíÁгöÁËһЩ³£ÓõÄʼþ£º

ʼþ	²ÎÊý	ÃèÊö
StatusUpdate	message	´«ÈëµÄ×Ö·û´®±íÃ÷µ±Ç°½Å±¾µÄ״̬/½ø¶È
StatusError	message	´«ÈëµÄ×Ö·û´®±íÃ÷µ±Ç°½Å±¾µÄ´íÎóÐÅÏ¢
StatusFinal	message	´«ÈëµÄ×Ö·û´®±íÃ÷×îºó½Å±¾µÄ״̬ÐÅÏ¢£¬±ÈÈçµ±Ò»¸öÄ¿±ê/ÈÎÎñ£¨target£©Íê³Éʱ£¬¼´±ãÊǽű¾»·¾³Öв¢²¢´æÔÚÄ¿±ê£¬ÕÕÑù¿ÉÒÔÏÔʾ״̬ÐÅÏ¢
CreatedArtefact	artefactType,artefactName	ÔÚÒ»¸öcreate-xxxx½Å±¾Íê³É²¢ÇÒ´´½¨ÁËÒ»¸ö¹¤¼þµÄʱºòµ÷ÓÃ
CreatedFile	fileName	ÔÚÒ»¸ö¹¤³ÌµÄÔ´Îļþ±»´´½¨µÄʱºòµ÷Ó㬵«²»°üÀ¨±»Grails¹ÜÀíµÄÄÇЩ³£Á¿Îļþ
Exiting	returnCode	Ôڽű¾»·¾³¼´½«ÍêÈ«ÖÕÖ¹µÄʱºò±»µ÷ÓÃ
PluginInstalled	pluginName	ÔÚÒ»¸ö²å¼þ±»°²×°ÒÔºó±»µ÷ÓÃ
CompileStart	kind	ÔÚ±àÒ뿪ʼµÄʱºòµ÷Ó㬴«ÈëµÄ²ÎÊýÊDZàÒëµÄÔ´Îļþ»òÕß²âÊÔÎļþµÄÖÖÀà
CompileEnd	kind	ÔÚ±àÒë½áÊøµÄʱºòµ÷Ó㬴«ÈëµÄ²ÎÊýÊDZàÒëµÄÔ´Îļþ»òÕß²âÊÔÎļþµÄÖÖÀà
DocStart	kind	ÔÚÉú³ÉÎĵµ¼´½«¿ªÊ¼µÄʱºòµ÷ÓðüÀ¨javadoc»òÕßgroovydoc
DocEnd	kind	ÔÚÉú³ÉÎĵµ½áÊøµÄʱºòµ÷ÓðüÀ¨javadoc»òÕßgroovydoc
SetClasspath	rootLoader	ÔÚclasspath³õʼ»¯Æä¼äµ÷Óã¬ÕâÑù²å¼þ¾Í¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃrootLoader.addURL(...)À´ÉèÖÃclasspath²ÎÊý¡£×¢Ò⣡´ËÉèÖÃclasspath²ÎÊýÊÇÔÚʼþ½Å±¾¼ÓÔØÖ®ºó£¬Òò´ËÄã²»ÄÜÓôËclasspathÀ´¼ÓÔØËùÐèµÄÀ࣬¼´±ãÊÇÄãÔÚʼþ½Å±¾ÖÐÒѾ­µ¼È룬µ«ÊÇÈç¹ûÄãÊÇͨ¹ýÃû×ÖÀ´¼ÓÔØÀ࣬ÄÇÊÇ¿ÉÒԵġ£
PackagingEnd	none	ÔÚ´ò°üÍêÍê±ÏµÄʱºòµ÷Óã¨ÔÚJetty·þÎñÆ÷Æô¶¯Ö®Ç°£¬µ«ÔÚweb.xmlÉú³ÉÖ®ºó£© at the end of packaging (which is called prior to the Jetty server being started and after web.xml is generated)
ConfigureJetty	Jetty Server object	ÔÚJetty web·þÎñÆ÷ÅäÖóõʼ»¯Ö®ºóµ÷ÓÃ

4.4 AntºÍMaven

Ant¼¯³É

µ±Í¨¹ýcreate-appÃüÁî´´½¨ÁËÒ»¸öGrailsÓ¦ÓÃʱ£¬Grails»á×Ô¶¯´´½¨Ò»¸öApache Ant µÄbuild.xmlÎļþ£¬ÆäÖаüÀ¨ÒÔÏÂÄ¿±ê£º

• clean - Çå³ýGrailsÓ¦ÓÃ
• war - ´´½¨WARÎļþ
• test - ÔËÐе¥Ôª²âÊÔ
• deploy - ȱʡÊÇ¿Õ£¬µ«ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ±»ÓÃÀ´ÊµÏÖ×Ô¶¯·¢²¼¡£

Õ⼸¸öÄ¿±ê¶¼¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýAntÀ´ÔËÐУ¬Èç:

ant war

Õâ¸öbuild.xmlÎļþ¿ÉÒÔµ÷ÓÃGrailsÖеÄÃüÁÕâÑù¾Í¿ÉÒÔ½«GrailsÓ¦ÓÃÓë³ÖÐø¼¯³É·þÎñÆ÷£¬ÈçCruiseControl ºÍHudson ¼¯³ÉÆðÀ´¡£

Maven ¼¯³É

GrailsÔÝʱ²»Ö§³ÖMaven £¬µ«ÊÇÒѾ­ÓÐÁËÒ»¸öÃûΪMaven Tools for Grails µÄÏîÄ¿£¬Ëü¿ÉÒÔ¶Ôµ±Ç°µÄGrailsÓ¦Óô´½¨Ò»¸öPOM£¬ÕâÑù¾Í¿ÉÒÔ½«Grails¼¯³Éµ½Maven µÄÉúÃüÖÜÆÚÖС£

Òª»ñµÃ¸ü¶àÐÅÏ¢Çë·ÃÎÊMaven Tools for Grails ÏîÄ¿ÍøÕ¾

5. ¶ÔÏó¹ØϵӳÉä(GORM)

GORMÊÇGrailsµÄ¶ÔÏó¹ØϵӳÉ䣨ORM£©µÄʵÏÖ£¬Êµ¼ÊÉÏËüʹÓõÄÊÇHibernate3£¨·Ç³£Á÷ÐкÍÁé»îµÄ¿ªÔ´ORM½â¾ö·½°¸£©£¬µ«ÒòΪÓÐGroovyµÄ¶¯Ì¬ÌØÐÔÖ§³Ö£¬Òò´ËGORM¼ÈÖ§³Ö¶¯Ì¬ÀàÐÍÒ²Ö§³Ö¾²Ì¬ÀàÐÍ£¬ÔÙ¼ÓÉÏGrailsµÄ¹æÔ¼£¬ÏÖÔÚ´´½¨GrailsµÄÁìÓòÀàÖ»ÐèÒª¸üÉÙµÄÅäÖþͿÉÒÔÁË¡£

ÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔÓÃJavaÀàдGrailsµÄÁìÓòÀà¡£¼¯³ÉHibernateµÄÏà¹ØÕ½ڽéÉÜÁËÈçºÎʹÓÃJavaÀ´Ð´GrailsÁìÓòÀ࣬µ«ÓÖ²»Ê§¶¯Ì¬³Ö¾Ã·½·¨µÄÓÅÊÆ¡£ÒÔÏÂÊÇGORMʵ¼ùµÄÔ¤ÀÀ£º

def book = Book.findByTitle("Groovy in Action")
book
  .addToAuthors(name:"Dierk Koenig")
  .addToAuthors(name:"Guillaume LaForge")
  .save()

5.1 ¿ìËÙÖ¸ÄÏ

grails create-domain-class Person

Õ⽫ÔÚ grails-app/domain/Person.groovy Öд´½¨ÏÂÃæµÄÀࣺ

class Person {	
}

Èç¹ûÄãÔÚÊý¾ÝÔ´Öн« dbCreate ÊôÐÔÉèÖÃΪ"update", "create" »ò "create-drop"£¬Grails»á×Ô¶¯Éú³É»òÐÞ¸ÄÊý¾Ý¿âÖÐµÄ±í¡£

Äã¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÌí¼ÓÊôÐÔÀ´×Ô¶¨ÒåÀࣺ

class Person {	
	String name
	Integer age
	Date lastVisit
}

Ò»µ©ÄãÓÐÁËÒ»¸ödomainÀ࣬Äã¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýshell»ò console ÖвÙ×ÝËü£º

grails console

Õ⽫»áΪÄãÔØÈëÒ»¸ö¿ÉÒÔÊäÈëGroovyÃüÁîµÄ½»»¥Ê½Í¼ÐνçÃæ¡£

5.1.1 »ù±¾µÄCRUD

´´½¨

ÓÃGroovyµÄnew ²Ù×÷·û´´½¨Ò»¸ödomainÀàµÄʵÀý£¬ÉèÖÃËüµÄÊôÐÔ,È»ºóµ÷ÓÃsave:

def p = new Person(name:"Fred", age:40, lastVisit:new Date())
p.save()

save ·½·¨½«»áʹÓõײãµÄHibernate ORM½«ÄãµÄʵÀý³Ö¾Ã»¯µ½Êý¾Ý¿â¡£

¶ÁÈ¡

Grails×Ô¶¯ÔÚÄãµÄdomainÀàÖÐÌí¼ÓÁËÒ»¸öÒþº¬µÄidÊôÐÔ£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔÓÃËüÀ´È¡»Ø¶ÔÏó£º

def p = Person.get(1)
assert 1 == p.id

ÕâÀïʹÓÃget·½·¨£¬Ëü»á¸ù¾ÝÊý¾Ý¿â±êʶ·û´ÓÊý¾Ý¿âÖÐÈ¡»ØÒ»¸öPerson¶ÔÏó¡£

¸üÐÂ

Òª¸üÐÂÒ»¸öʵÀý£¬Ö»ÒªÉèÖÃÒ»ÏÂÊôÐÔ£¬È»ºóÒ²ÊǼòµ¥µÄµ÷ÓÃÒ»ÏÂsave£º

def p = Person.get(1)
p.name = "Bob"
p.save()

ɾ³ý

ʹÓÃdeleteÀ´É¾³ýÒ»¸öʵÀý:

def p = Person.get(1)
p.delete()

5.2 ÔÚGORMÖнøÐÐÁìÓò½¨Ä£

ÕâЩÔÚGORMÖÐÊÇ×÷ΪGroovyÀàÀ´½¨Ä£µÄ£¬Òò´ËBookÀàÒªÓÐtitle,release date,ISBN numberµÈÊôÐÔ¡£ÔÚÏÂÃæµÄ¼¸½Ú½«ÑÝʾÔÚGORMÖÐÈçºÎΪÁìÓò½¨Ä£¡£

Òª´´½¨Ò»¸öÁìÓòÀ࣬ÔËÐÐ create-domain-class:

grails create-domain-class Book

Éú³ÉÁËgrails-app/domain/Book.groovy:

class Book {	
}

Èç¹ûÄãÏëʹÓðü£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔ°ÑBook.groovyÀàÒÆÈëdomainĿ¼ÏµÄÒ»¸ö×ÓĿ¼£¬²¢¸ù¾ÝGroovy(Ò²ÊÇJava)µÄ°ü¹æÔòÌí¼ÓÒ»¸öºÏÊʵÄpackageÉùÃ÷¡£

ÉÏÃæµÄÀཫ»áÔÚÊý¾Ý¿âÖÐ×Ô¶¯Ó³ÉäÒ»¸ö book (¸úÀàͬÃû)µÄ±í¡£Ó³Éä¹æÔò¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýORMµÄDSLÀ´×Ô¶¨Òå¡£

ÏÖÔÚ£¬ÄãÓÐÁËÒ»¸öÁìÓòÀ࣬Äã¿ÉÒÔ°ÑËüµÄÊôÐÔ¶¨ÒåΪJavaÓïÑÔµÄÀàÐÍ.±ÈÈç:

class Book {
	String title
	Date releaseDate
	String ISBN
}

ÿ¸öÊôÐÔÓ³Éäµ½Êý¾Ý¿âÖеÄÒ»¸öÁУ¬ÁÐÃûµÄ¹æÔòÃüÃû¹æÔòÊÇÈ«²¿Ð¡Ð´²¢ÓÃÏ»®Ïß·Ö¸ô¡£±ÈÈçreleaseDateÓ³ÉäΪÁÐrelease_dateÉÏ¡£SQLÀàÐÍÊǸù¾ÝJavaÀàÐÍÀ´×Ô¶¯¼ì²âµÄ£¬ÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔÓÃÔ¼Êø »òÕßORM DSL×Ô¶¨ÒåÓ³ÉäÀàÐÍ¡£

5.2.1 GORMÖеĹØÁª

5.2.1.1 Ò»¶ÔÒ»

ʾÀý A

class Face {
    Nose nose
}
class Nose {	
}

ÕâÑùÎÒÃǾÍÓÐÁËÒ»¸ö´Ó Face µ½ NoseµÄµ¥Ïò¹ØÁª¡£Òª°ÑÕâ¸ö¹ØÁª±äΪ˫ÏòµÄ£¬Ö»ÒªÔÚÁíÒ»¶Ë¶¨ÒåÒ»ÏÂ:

ʾÀý B

class Face {
    Nose nose
}
class Nose {	
	Face face
}

ÕâÑù¾ÍÊÇË«Ïò¹ØÁªÁË¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬¹ØÁªµÄË«·½²¢²»Äܼ¶Áª¸üС£

¿´ÏÂÃæµÄ±ä»¯:

ʾÀý C

class Face {
    Nose nose
}
class Nose {	
	static belongsTo = [face:Face]
}

ÔÚÕâÀÎÒÃÇʹÓÃbelongsTo ±íʾNose "ÊôÓÚ" Face¡£Æä½á¹û¾ÍÊÇÎÒÃÇ´´½¨²¢±£´æËüʱ£¬Êý¾Ý¿â¿ÉÒÔ_¼¶Áª_¸üÐÂ/²åÈë Nose:

new Face(nose:new Nose()).save()

ÉÏÃæÕâ¸öÀý×ӻὫfaceºÍnose¶¼±£´æ¡£×¢Òâ·´ÏòµÄ²Ù×÷²¢²»¿ÉÐУ¬Ëü»áµ¼ÖÂÒ»¸ö¶ÔÓÚÁÙʱFace¶ÔÏóµÄ´íÎó:

new Nose(face:new Face()).save() // will cause an error

belongsTo µÄÁíÒ»¸öÖØÒª×÷ÓÃÊÇ£¬Èç¹ûÄãɾ³ýÁËÒ»¸öFace ʵÀý£¬ÄÇôÏà¹ØµÄNoseÒ²»á±»É¾³ý:

def f = Face.get(1)
f.delete() // both Face and Nose deleted

ûÓÐ belongsTo µÄ»°£¬½«²»»á¼¶ÁªÉ¾³ý£¬Äã»áµÃµ½Ò»¸öÍâ¼üÔ¼ÊøµÄ´íÎ󣬳ý·ÇÄãÊÖ¹¤È¥É¾³ýNose:

// error here without belongsTo
def f = Face.get(1)
f.delete()
// no error as we explicitly delete both
def f = Face.get(1)
f.nose.delete()
f.delete()

Äã¿ÉÒÔ±£³ÖÇ°ÃæÄÇÖÖµ¥Ïò¹ØÁªµÄ¹Øϵ£¬²¢ÔÊÐí¼¶Áª±£´æ/¸üÐÂ:

class Face {
    Nose nose
}
class Nose {	
	static belongsTo = Face
}

×¢Ò⣬ÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬ÒòΪÎÒÃÇûÓÐÔÚbelongsToÉùÃ÷ÖÐʹÓÃÓ³ÉäÓï·¨Ã÷È·µØÉùÃ÷Õâ¸ö¹ØÁª,Grails½«ÈÏΪËüÊÇÒ»¸öµ¥Ïò¹ØÁª¡£ÏÂÃæÊǶÔÕâÈý¸öÀý×ÓµÄ×ܽá:

5.2.1.2 Ò»¶Ô¶à

class Author {
    static hasMany = [ books : Book ]
    String name
}
class Book {
	String title
}

ÕâÑùÎÒÃÇÓÐÁËÒ»¸öÒ»¶Ô¶àµÄµ¥Ïò¹ØÁª¡£GrailsÔÚÊý¾Ý¿â¼¶±ð½«Ä¬ÈÏʹÓÃÍâ¼üÓ³ÉäÀ´Ó³ÉäÕâÖÖ¹ØÁª¡£

ORM DSL ÔÊÐíʹÓÃÁ¬½Ó±í×÷Ϊ´úÌæÀ´Ó³Éäµ¥Ïò¹ØÁª¡£

Grails ½«»á¸ù¾ÝhasMany ÉèÖÃΪdomainÀà×Ô¶¯×¢ÈëÒ»¸öÀàÐÍΪjava.util.SetµÄÊôÐÔ¡£Õâ¸ö¿ÉÒÔ±»ÓÃÀ´±éÀú¼¯ºÏ:

def a = Author.get(1)
a.books.each {
	println it.title
}

GrailsʹÓõÄĬÈÏץȡ²ßÂÔÊÇ"lazy",ÕâÒâζÕ⼯ºÏ½«»á±»ÑÓ³Ù³õʼ»¯¡£Èç¹ûÄ㲻СÐĵĻ°,Õâ¿ÉÄܵ¼Ö n+1 ÎÊÌâ .

Èç¹ûÄãÐèÒª"eager"ץȡ£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃORM DSL »òÕßÖ¸¶¨Á¢¼´×¥È¡×÷Ϊ²éѯµÄÒ»²¿·Ö¡£

ĬÈϵļ¶ÁªÐÐΪÊǼ¶Áª±£´æºÍ¸üУ¬µ«²»¼¶ÁªÉ¾³ý£¬³ý·ÇÄãÒ²Ö¸¶¨ÁË belongsTo £º

class Author {
    static hasMany = [ books : Book ]
    String name
}
class Book {
	static belongsTo = [author:Author]
	String title
}

Èç¹ûÄãÓÐÁ½¸öÏàͬÀàÐ͵ÄÊôÐÔ£¬ËûÃǶ¼ÊÇÒ»¶Ô¶à¹ØϵµÄ¶à·½£¬Äã±ØÐëÓÃmappedByÀ´Ö¸¶¨ËûÃÇ·Ö±ðÓ³ÉäµÄÊÇÄĸö¼¯ºÏ:

class Airport {
	static hasMany = [flights:Flight]
	static mappedBy = [flights:"departureAirport"]
}
class Flight {
	Airport departureAirport
	Airport destinationAirport
}

Èç¹ûÄãÓжà¸öÓ³Éäµ½²»Í¬ÊôÐԵļ¯ºÏ£¬Ò²ÐèÒªÕâÑù:

class Airport {
	static hasMany = [outboundFlights:Flight, inboundFlights:Flight]
	static mappedBy = [outboundFlights:"departureAirport", inboundFlights:"destinationAirport"]
}
class Flight {
	Airport departureAirport
	Airport destinationAirport
}

5.2.1.3 ¶à¶Ô¶à

class Book {
   static belongsTo = Author
   static hasMany = [authors:Author]
   String title
}
class Author {
   static hasMany = [books:Book]
   String name
}

GrialsÔÚÊý¾Ý¿â²ãʹÓÃÁ¬½Ó±íÀ´Ó³Éä¶à¶Ô¶à¹ØÁª¡£¹ØÁªµÄÓµÓз½£¬ÔÚÕâÀïÊÇAuthor,¸ºÔð³Ö¾Ã»¯Õâ¸ö¹ØÁª£¬²¢ÇÒËüÊÇΨһ¿ÉÒÔ¼¶Áª±£´æ¶Ô·½µÄÒ»·½¡£

±ÈÈçÏÂÃæµÄ´úÂë¿ÉÒÔ¹¤×÷£¬²¢»á¼¶Áª±£´æ:

new Author(name:"Stephen King")
		.addToBooks(new Book(title:"The Stand"))
		.addToBooks(new Book(title:"The Shining"))		
		.save()

µ«ÊÇÏÂÃæµÄ´úÂëÖ»±£´æ Book ¶ø²»±£´æauthors!

new Book(name:"Groovy in Action")
		.addToAuthors(new Author(name:"Dierk Koenig"))
		.addToAuthors(new Author(name:"Guillaume Laforge"))		
		.save()

ÕâÕýÊÇÎÒÃÇÆÚÍûµÄÐÐΪ£¬¸úHibernateÖÐÒ»Ñù£¬¶à¶Ô¶à¹ØÁªÖÐÖ»ÓÐÒ»·½¿ÉÒÔ¹ÜÀí¹ØÁª¡£

GrailsµÄ ½ÅÊÖ¼Ü ÌØÐÔµ±Ç°»¹²»Ö§³Ö¶à¶Ô¶à¹ØÁª£¬Òò´ËÄã±ØÐë×Ô¼ºÐ´´úÂëÀ´¹ÜÀí¹ØÁª¡£

5.2.2 GORMµÄ×éºÏ

class Person {
	Address homeAddress
	Address workAddress
	static embedded = ['homeAddress', 'workAddress']
}
class Address {
	String number
	String code
}

Ó³ÉäµÄ½á¹û¿´ÆðÀ´ÏñÏÂÃæÕâÑù:

Èç¹ûÄãÔÚgrails-app/domain Ŀ¼ÏÂÒ»¸öµ¥¶ÀµÄGroovyÎļþÖж¨ÒåÁË Address À࣬Ä㻹ÊÇ»áµÃµ½Ò»¸ö address ±í¡£Èç¹ûÄã²»ÏëÕâÑù£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃGroovy¿ÉÒÔÔÚÒ»¸öÎļþÖж¨Òå¶à¸öÀàµÄÌØÐÔ£¬ÔÚgrails-app/domain/Person.groovy ÎļþÖÐÔÚ Person ÀàµÄÏÂÃ涨Òå Address Àà¡£

5.2.3 GORMµÄ¼Ì³Ð

class Content {
     String author
}
class BlogEntry extends Content {
    URL url
}
class Book extends Content {
    String ISBN
}
class PodCast extends Content {
    byte[] audioStream
}

ÔÚÉÏÃæµÄÀý×ÓÖÐÎÒÃÇÓиö½ÐContent µÄ¸¸À࣬Ȼºó²»Í¬µÄ×ÓÀàÓиü¶àËüÃǸ÷×ÔÌض¨µÄÐÐΪ¡£

¼Ì³ÐÓ³ÉäµÄ˼¿¼

ÔÚÊý¾Ý¿â¼¶±ðGrailsĬÈÏʹÓÃÿ¸öÀà·Ö²ã½á¹¹Ò»¸ö±í(uses table-per-hierarchy)µÄÓ³Éä²ßÂÔ£¬ÓÐÒ»¸ö±æ±ð±êʶ(discriminator)ÁнРclass £¬Òò´Ë¸¸ÀàContent ºÍËüµÄ×ÓÀà(BlogEntry, Book µÈµÈ.)¹²Ïíͬһ¸ö±í¡£

ÿ¸öÀà·Ö²ã½á¹¹Ò»¸ö±í(uses table-per-hierarchy)ÓÐÒ»¸ö¸±×÷Ó㬾ÍÊÇÄã¼Ì³ÐÓ³ÉäÖеÄÊôÐÔ²»ÄÜÓзǿÕÔ¼Êø¡£Ò»¸öÑ¡ÔñÊÇʹÓÃÿ¸ö×ÓÀàÒ»¸ö±í(table-per-subclass)Ó³É䣬Ëü¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýORM DSLÉèÖá£

µ«ÊÇ£¬¹ý¶ÈµÄʹÓü̳кÍÿ¸ö×ÓÀàÒ»¸ö±í(table-per-subclass)µÄÓ³Éä²ßÂÔ£¬»áµ¼Ö¹ý¶ÈʹÓÃÁ¬½Ó²éѯ£¬Ê¹µÃ²éѯÐÔÄܺܲͨ³£ÎÒÃǽ¨Òé±£³Ö¼òµ¥£¬Ö»ÓÐÔÚÄãȷʵÐèÒª¼Ì³ÐµÄʱºò²ÅÓÃËü¡£

¶à̬²éѯ

ʹÓü̳еĺô¦ÊÇÄã»ñµÃÁ˶à̬²éѯµÄÄÜÁ¦£¬±ÈÈçÔÚ³¬ÀàContent ÉÏʹÓà list ·½·¨½«»á·µ»Ø ContentµÄËùÓÐ×ÓÀà:

def content = Content.list() // list all blog entries, books and pod casts
content = Content.findAllByAuthor('Joe Bloggs') // find all by author
def podCasts = PodCast.list() // list only pod casts

5.2.4 ¼¯ºÏ¡¢ÁбíºÍÓ³Éä

¶ÔÏ󼯺Ï(Set)

µ±ÄãÔÚGROMÖж¨ÒåÒ»¸ö¹ØÁªµÄʱºò,ĬÈϵØʹÓÃjava.util.Set ,ËüÊÇÒ»¸öÎÞÐò²¢²»ÄÜ°üº¬Öظ´¶ÔÏóµÄ¼¯ºÏ.»»¾ä»°Ëµ,µ±ÄãдÁËÏÂÃæ´úÂë:

class Author {
   static hasMany = [books:Book]
}

GORM×¢ÈëµÄbooksÊôÐÔÊÇÒ»¸öjava.util.Set.ÕâÀïÓÐÒ»¸öÎÊÌ⣬µ±·ÃÎÊÕâ¸ö¼¯ºÏʱÊÇÎÞÐòµÄ,Õâ¿ÉÄܲ»ÊÇÄãÏëÒªµÄ.ΪÁË»ñµÃ×Ô¶¨ÒåµÄ˳ÐòÄã¿ÉÒÔ½«Õâ¸ö¼¯ºÏÉèÖÃΪSortedSet:

class Author {
   SortedSet books
   static hasMany = [books:Book]
}

ÔÚÕâÀïʹÓÃÁËjava.util.SortedSet ʵÏÖ,Õâ¾ÍÒâζ×ÅÄãµÄBookÀà±ØÐëʵÏÖ java.lang.Comparable ½Ó¿Ú:

class Book implements Comparable {
   String title
   Date releaseDate = new Date()
   int compareTo(obj) {
       releaseDate.compareTo(obj.releaseDate)
   }
}

ÉÏÃæÀàµÄ½á¹ûÊÇAuthorÀàµÄbooks¼¯ºÏÖÐËùÓеÄBookʵÀý½«°´ËûÃǵķ¢²¼ÈÕÆÚÅÅÐò.

¶ÔÏóÁбí

Èç¹ûÄãÖ»ÊÇÏëÄܹ»¼òµ¥µÄ±£³Ö¶ÔÏó°´ÕÕËûÃDZ»¼Ó½øÈ¥µÄ˳ÐòÅÅÐò£¬²¢ÄÜÏñÊý×éÒ»Ñù°´ÕÕË÷ÒýÀ´ÒýÓÃËûÃÇ,Äã¿ÉÒÔ¶¨ÒåÄãµÄ¼¯ºÏÀàÐÍΪList:

class Author {
   List books
   static hasMany = [books:Book]
}

ÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öϵ±ÄãÏòbooks¼¯ºÏÖÐÌí¼ÓÒ»¸öÐÂÔªËØʱ,Õâ¸ö˳Ðò½«»á±£´æÔÚÒ»¸ö´Ó0¿ªÊ¼µÄÁбíË÷ÒýÖÐ,Òò´ËÄã¿ÉÒÔ:

author.books[0] // get the first book

ÕâÖÖ·½·¨ÔÚÊý¾Ý¿â²ãµÄ¹¤×÷Ô­ÀíÊÇ:ΪÁËÔÚÊý¾Ý¿â²ã±£´æÕâ¸ö˳Ðò,Hibernate´´½¨Ò»¸ö½Ð×öbooks_idxµÄÁÐ,Ëü±£´æןÃÔªËØÔÚ¼¯ºÏÖеÄË÷Òý.

µ±Ê¹Óà List ʱ,ÔªËØÔÚ±£´æ֮ǰ±ØÐëÏÈÌí¼Óµ½¼¯ºÏÖÐ,·ñÔòHibernate»áÅ׳öÒì³£(org.hibernate.HibernateException: null index column for collection):

// This won't work!
def book = new Book(title: 'The Shining')
book.save()
author.addToBooks(book)
// Do it this way instead.
def book = new Book(title: 'Misery')
author.addToBooks(book)
author.save()

Ó³Éä(Maps)¶ÔÏó

Èç¹ûÄãÏëÒªÒ»¸ö¼òµ¥µÄ string/value ¶Ômap,GROM¿ÉÒÔÓÃÏÂÃæ·½·¨À´Ó³Éä:

class Author {
   Map books // my of ISBN:book names
}
def a = new Author()
a.books = ["1590597583":"Grails Book"]
a.save()

ÕâÖÖÇé¿ömapµÄ¼üºÍÖµ¶¼±ØÐëÊÇ×Ö·û´®.

Èç¹ûÄãÏëÓÃÒ»¸ö¶ÔÏóµÄmap,ÄÇôÄã¿ÉÒÔÕâÑù×ö:

class Book {
  Map authors
  static hasMany = [authors:Author]
}
def a = new Author(name:"Stephen King")
def book = new Book()
book.authors = [stephen:a]
book.save()

static hasMany ÊôÐÔ¶¨ÒåÁËmapÖÐÔªËصÄÀàÐÍ,mapÖеÄkey ±ØÐë ÊÇ×Ö·û´®

5.3 ³Ö¾Ã»¯»ù´¡

±¾ÖÊÉÏ,Grails×Ô¶¯°ó¶¨Hibernate sessionµ½µ±Ç°ÕýÔÚÖ´ÐеÄÇëÇóÉÏ.ÕâÔÊÐíÄãÏñʹÓÃGORMµÄÆäËû·½·¨Ò»ÑùºÜ×ÔÈ»µØʹÓÃsave ºÍ delete·½·¨ .

5.3.1 ±£´æºÍ¸üÐÂ

def p = Person.get(1)
p.save()

HibernateµÄÒ»¸öÖ÷ÒªµÄ²»Í¬ÔÚÓÚµ±Äãµ÷Óà save ʱËü²»ÐèÒªÂíÉÏÖ´ÐÐÈκÎSQL²Ù×÷.Hibernateͨ³£½«SQLÓï¾ä·ÖÅú,×îºóÖ´ÐÐËûÃÇ.¶ÔÄãÀ´Ëµ,ÕâЩһ°ã¶¼ÊÇÓÉGrails×Ô¶¯Íê³ÉµÄ,Ëü¹ÜÀí×ÅÄãµÄHibernate session.

Ò²ÓÐһЩÌØÊâÇé¿ö,ÓÐʱºòÄã¿ÉÄÜÏë×Ô¼º¿ØÖÆÄÇЩÓï¾äʲôʱºò±»Ö´ÐÐ,»òÕßÓÃHibernateµÄÊõÓïÀ´Ëµ,¾ÍÊÇʲôʱºòsession±»"flushed".ÒªÕâÑùµÄ»°,Äã¿ÉÒÔ¶Ôsave·½·¨Ê¹ÓÃflush²ÎÊý:

def p = Person.get(1)
p.save(flush:true)

ÐèҪעÒâµÄÊÇ,Õâʱ°üÀ¨±£´æ֮ǰËùÓеȴýÖ´ÐеÄSQLÓï¾ä¶¼»áͬ²½µ½Êý¾Ý¿âÖÐ.ÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔ²¶»ñÈκÎÅ׳öµÄÒì³£,Õâͨ³£ÔÚ°üº¬ÁËÀÖ¹ÛËøµÄ¸ß²¢·¢Çé¿öÏ·dz£ÓÐÓÃ.

def p = Person.get(1)
try {
	p.save(flush:true)
}
catch(Exception e) {
	// deal with exception
}

5.3.2 ɾ³ý¶ÔÏó

def p = Person.get(1)
p.delete()

delete ·½·¨Ò²ÔÊÐíͨ¹ý flush ²ÎÊýÀ´¿ØÖÆflushing.

def p = Person.get(1)
p.delete(flush:true)

×¢ÒâGrailsûÓÐÌṩ deleteAll ·½·¨,ÒòΪɾ³ýÊý¾ÝÊÇdiscouragedµÄ£¬¶øÇÒͨ³£¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý²¼¶û±ê¼Ç/Âß¼­À´±ÜÃâ.

Èç¹ûÄãȷʵÐèÒªÅúÁ¿É¾³ýÊý¾Ý,Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃexecuteUpdate·½·¨À´Ö´ÐÐÅúÁ¿µÄDMLÓï¾ä:

Customer.executeUpdate("delete Customer c where c.name = :oldName", [oldName:"Fred"])

5.3.3 ¼¶Áª¸üкÍɾ³ý

ÎÞÂÛÊÇÒ»¶ÔÒ»,Ò»¶Ô¶à»¹ÊǶà¶Ô¶à,Èç¹ûÄ㶨ÒåÁËbelongsTo ,¸üкÍɾ³ý½«»á´ÓÓµÓÐÀൽ±»ËüÓµÓеÄÀà(¹ØÁªµÄÁíÒ»·½)¼¶Áª²Ù×÷.

Èç¹ûÄãûÓж¨Òå belongsTo ,ÄÇô¾ÍÄܼ¶Áª²Ù×÷,Ä㽫ÐèÒªÊÖ¹¤±£´æÿ¸ö¶ÔÏó.

ÏÂÃæÊÇÒ»¸öÀý×Ó:

class Airport {
	String name
	static hasMany = [flights:Flight]
}
class Flight {
	String number
	static belongsTo = [airport:Airport]
}

Èç¹ûÎÒÏÖÔÚ´´½¨Ò»¸öAirport ¶ÔÏó,²¢ÏòËüÌí¼ÓһЩ Flight,Ëü¿ÉÒÔ±£´æÕâ¸öAirport ²¢¼¶Áª±£´æÿ¸öflight,Òò´Ë»á±£´æÕû¸ö¶ÔÏóͼ:

new Airport(name:"Gatwick")
	 .addToFlights(new Flight(number:"BA3430"))
	 .addToFlights(new Flight(number:"EZ0938"))
	 .save()

Ïà·´µÄ,Èç¹ûÉÔºóÎÒɾ³ýÁËÕâ¸öAirport,ËùÓиúËü¹ØÁªµÄFlightÒ²¶¼½«»á±»É¾³ý:

def airport = Airport.findByName("Gatwick")
airport.delete()

È»¶ø,Èç¹ûÎÒ½« belongsTo È¥µôµÄ»°,ÉÏÃæµÄ¼¶ÁªÉ¾³ý´úÂë¾Í²»Äܹ¤×÷ÁË.

5.3.4 Á¢¼´¼ÓÔغÍÑÓ³Ù¼ÓÔØ

class Airport {
	String name
	static hasMany = [flights:Flight]
}
class Flight {
	String number
	static belongsTo = [airport:Airport]
}

ÉÏÃæµÄdomainÀàºÍÏÂÃæµÄ´úÂë:

def airport = Airport.findByName("Gatwick")
airport.flights.each {
	println it.name
}

GORM½«»áÖ´ÐÐÒ»¸öµ¥¶ÀµÄSQL²éѯÀ´×¥È¡Airport ʵÀý,È»ºóÔÙÓÃÒ»¸ö¶îÍâµÄ²éѯÖðÌõµü´ú flights ¹ØÁª.»»¾ä»°Ëµ,ÄãµÃµ½ÁËN+1Ìõ²éѯ.

¸ù¾ÝÕâ¸ö¼¯ºÏµÄʹÓÃƵÂÊ,ÓÐʱºòÕâ¿ÉÄÜÊÇ×î¼Ñ·½°¸.ÒòΪÄã¿ÉÒÔÖ¸¶¨Ö»ÓÐÔÚÌض¨µÄÇé¿öϲŷÃÎÊÕâ¸ö¹ØÁªµÄÂß¼­.

Ò»¸ö¿ÉÑ¡µÄ·½°¸ÊÇʹÓÃÁ¢¼´×¥È¡,Ëü¿ÉÒÔ°´ÕÕÏÂÃæµÄ·½·¨À´Ö¸¶¨:

class Airport {
	String name
	static hasMany = [flights:Flight]
	static fetchMode = [flights:"eager"]
}

ÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏÂ,AirportʵÀý¶ÔÓ¦µÄflights¹ØÁª»á±»Ò»´ÎÐÔÈ«²¿¼ÓÔؽøÀ´(ÒÀÀµÓÚÓ³Éä).ÕâÑùµÄºÃ´¦ÊÇÖ´ÐиüÉٵIJéѯ,µ«ÊÇҪСÐÄʹÓÃ,ÒòΪʹÓÃÌ«¶àµÄeager¹ØÁª¿ÉÄܻᵼÖÂÄ㽫Õû¸öÊý¾Ý¿â¼ÓÔؽøÄÚ´æ.

¹ØÁªÒ²¿ÉÒÔÓà ORM DSL ½«¹ØÁªÉùÃ÷Ϊ non-lazy

5.3.4 ±¯¹ÛËøºÍÀÖ¹ÛËø

ÀÖ¹ÛËø

ĬÈϵÄGORMÀà±»ÅäÖÃΪÀÖ¹ÛËø¡£ÀÖ¹ÛËøʵÖÊÉÏÊÇHibernateµÄÒ»¸öÌØÐÔ£¬ËüÔÚÊý¾Ý¿âÀïÒ»¸öÌرðµÄ version ×Ö¶ÎÖб£´æÁËÒ»¸ö°æ±¾ºÅ¡£

versionÁжÁÈ¡°üº¬µ±Ç°ÄãËù·ÃÎʵij־û¯ÊµÀýµÄ°æ±¾×´Ì¬µÄversionÊôÐÔ:

def airport = Airport.get(10)
println airport.version

µ±ÄãÖ´ÐиüвÙ×÷ʱ£¬Hibernate½«×Ô¶¯¼ì²éversionÊôÐÔºÍÊý¾Ý¿âÖÐversionÁУ¬Èç¹ûËûÃDz»Í¬£¬½«»áÅ׳öÒ»¸öStaleObjectExceptionÒì³££¬²¢ÇÒµ±Ç°ÊÂÎïÒ²»á±»»Ø¹ö¡£

ÕâÊǺÜÓÐÓõģ¬ÒòΪËüÔÊÐíÄ㲻ʹÓñ¯¹ÛËø(ÓÐһЩÐÔÄÜÉϵÄËðʧ)¾Í¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃÒ»¶¨µÄÔ­×ÓÐÔ¡£ÓÉ´Ë´øÀ´µÄ¸ºÃæÓ°ÏìÊÇ£¬Èç¹ûÄãÓÐһЩ¸ß²¢·¢µÄд²Ù×÷µÄ»°£¬Äã±ØÐë´¦ÀíÕâ¸öÒì³£¡£ÕâÐèҪˢ³ö(flushing)µ±Ç°µÄsession£º

def airport = Airport.get(10)
try {
	airport.name = "Heathrow"
	airport.save(flush:true)
}
catch(org.springframework.dao.OptimisticLockingFailureException e) {
	// deal with exception
}

Äã´¦ÀíÒì³£µÄ·½·¨È¡¾öÓÚÄãµÄÓ¦Óá£Äã¿ÉÒÔ³¢ÊԺϲ¢Êý¾Ý,»òÕß·µ»Ø¸øÓû§²¢ÈÃËûÃÇÀ´´¦Àí³åÍ».

×÷ΪѡÔñ£¬Èç¹ûËü³ÉÁËÎÊÌ⣬Äã¿ÉÒÔÇóÖúÓÚ±¯¹ÛËø¡£

±¯¹ÛËø¡£

±¯¹ÛËøµÈ¼ÛÓÚÖ´ÐÐÒ»¸ö SQL "SELECT * FOR UPDATE" Óï¾ä ²¢Ëø¶¨Êý¾Ý¿âÖеÄÒ»ÐС£ÕâÒâζ×ÅÆäËûµÄ¶Á²Ù×÷½«»á±»Ëø¶¨Ö±µ½Õâ¸öËø·Å¿ª¡£

ÔÚGrailsÖб¯¹ÛËøͨ¹ýlock ·½·¨Ö´ÐÐ:

def airport = Airport.get(10)
airport.lock() // lock for update
airport.name = "Heathrow"
airport.save()

Ò»µ©µ±Ç°ÊÂÎï±»Ìá½»£¬Grails»á×Ô¶¯µÄΪÄãÊÍ·ÅËø¡£

5.4 GORM²éѯ

Groovyͨ¹ýGPath ²Ù×ݼ¯ºÏµÄÄÜÁ¦£¬ºÍGORMµÄÏñsort,findAllµÈ·½·¨½áºÏÆðÀ´£¬ÐγÉÁËÒ»¸öÇ¿´óµÄ×éºÏ¡£

µ«ÊÇ£¬ÈÃÎÒÃÇ´Ó»ù´¡¿ªÊ¼°É¡£

»ñȡʵÀýÁбí

Èç¹ûÄã¼òµ¥µÄÐèÒª»ñµÃ¸ø¶¨ÀàµÄËùÓÐʵÀý£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃlist·½·¨:

def books = Book.list()

list ·½·¨Ö§³Ö·ÖÒ³²ÎÊý:

def books = Book.list(offset:10, max:20)

Ò²¿ÉÒÔÅÅÐò:

def books = Book.list(sort:"asc", order:"title")

¸ù¾ÝÊý¾Ý¿â±êʶ·ûÈ¡»Ø

µÚ¶þ¸öÈ¡»ØµÄ»ù±¾ÐÎʽÊǸù¾ÝÊý¾Ý¿â±êʶ·ûÈ¡»Ø£¬Ê¹ÓÃget ·½·¨:

def book = Book.get(23)

ÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔ¸ù¾ÝÒ»¸ö±êʶ·ûµÄ¼¯ºÏʹÓÃgetAll·½·¨È¡µÃÒ»¸öʵÀýÁбí:

def books = Book.getAll(23, 93, 81)

5.4.1 ¶¯Ì¬²éÕÒÆ÷

¶øÊÇÔÚÔËÐÐʱ»ùÓÚÒ»¸ö¸ø¶¨ÀàµÄÊôÐÔ,×Ô¶¯Éú³ÉÒ»¸ö·½·¨¡£±ÈÈçÀý×ÓÖеÄBookÀà:

class Book {
	String title
	Date releaseDate
	Author author
}                
class Author {
	String name
}

Book ÀàÓÐһЩÊôÐÔ£¬±ÈÈçtitle, releaseDate ºÍ author. ÕâЩ¶¼¿ÉÒÔ°´ÕÕ·½·¨±í´ïʽµÄ¸ñʽ±»ÓÃÓÚfindBy ºÍ findAllBy ·½·¨¡£

def book = Book.findByTitle("The Stand")
book =
   Book
    .findByTitleLike("Harry Pot%")
book =
  Book
    .findByReleaseDateBetween( firstDate, secondDate )
book =
  Book
    .findByReleaseDateGreaterThan( someDate )
book =
  Book
   .findByTitleLikeOrReleaseDateLessThan( "%Something%", someDate )

·½·¨±í´ïʽ

ÔÚGORMÖÐÒ»¸ö·½·¨±í´ïʽÓÉǰ׺(±ÈÈçfindBy)ºóÃæ¸úÒ»¸ö±í´ïʽ×é³É£¬Õâ¸ö±í´ïʽÓÉÒ»¸ö»ò¶à¸öÊôÐÔ×é³É¡£»ù±¾ÐÎʽÊÇ:

Book.findBy[Property][Suffix]*[Boolean Operator]*[Property][Suffix]

ÓÃ*±ê¼ÇµÄ²¿·ÖÊÇ¿ÉÑ¡µÄ¡£Ã¿¸öºó׺¶¼»á¸Ä±ä²éѯµÄÐÔÖÊ¡£ÀýÈç:

def book = Book.findByTitle("The Stand")
book =  Book.findByTitleLike("Harry Pot%")

ÔÚÉÏÃæµÄÀý×ÓÖУ¬µÚÒ»¸ö²éѯµÈ¼ÛÓÚµÈÓÚºóÃæµÄÖµ¡£µÚ¶þ¸öÒòΪÔö¼ÓÁË Likeºó׺£¬ËüµÈ¼ÛÓÚSQLµÄlike±í´ïʽ¡£

¿ÉÓõĺó׺°üÀ¨:

• LessThan - СÓÚ¸ø¶¨Öµ
• LessThanEquals -СÓÚ»òµÈÓÚ¸ø¶¨Öµ
• GreaterThan - ´óÓÚ¸ø¶¨Öµ
• GreaterThanEquals - ´óÓÚ»òµÈÓÚ¸ø¶¨Öµ
• Like - µÈ¼ÛÓÚ SQL like ±í´ïʽ
• Ilike -ÀàËÆÓÚ Like, µ«²»ÊÇ´óСдÃô¸Ð
• NotEqual - ²»µÈÓÚ
• Between - ½éÓÚÁ½¸öÖµÖ®¼ä (ÐèÒªÁ½¸ö²ÎÊý)
• IsNotNull - ²»ÎªnullµÄÖµ(²»ÐèÒª²ÎÊý)
• IsNull - ΪnullµÄÖµ (²»ÐèÒª²ÎÊý)

Äã»á·¢ÏÖ×îºóÈý¸ö·½·¨±ê×¢Á˲ÎÊýµÄ¸öÊý£¬ËûÃǵÄʾÀýÈçÏ£º

def now = new Date()
def lastWeek = now - 7
def book =
  Book
    .findByReleaseDateBetween( lastWeek, now )

ͬÑùµÄisNull ºÍ isNotNull ²»ÐèÒª²ÎÊý:

def books = Book.findAllByReleaseDateIsNull()

²¼¶ûÂß¼­(AND/OR)

·½·¨±í´ïʽҲ¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃÒ»¸ö²¼¶û²Ù×÷·ûÀ´×éºÏÁ½¸öcriteria£º

def books = 
	 Book
	   .findAllByTitleLikeAndReleaseDateGreaterThan("%Java%", new Date()-30)

ÔÚÕâÀïÎÒÃÇÔÚ²éѯÖмäʹÓà AndÀ´È·±£Á½¸öÌõ¼þ¶¼Âú×㣬µ«ÊÇͬÑùµØÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔʹÓà Or:

def books = 
	 Book
	   .findAllByTitleLikeOrReleaseDateGreaterThan("%Java%", new Date()-30)

ÏÔÈ»ÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ·½·¨Ãû»á±äµÃÏ൱³¤£¬ÕâʱºòÄãÓ¦¸Ã¿¼ÂÇʹÓà Ìõ¼þ²éѯ.

²éѯ¹ØÁª

¹ØÁªÒ²¿ÉÒÔ±»ÓÃÔÚ²éѯÖÐ:

def author = Author.findByName("Stephen King")
def books = author ? Book.findAllByAuthor(author) : []

ÔÚÕâÀïÈç¹û Author ʵÀý²»Îªnull,ÎÒÃÇÔÚ²éѯÖÐÓÃËüÈ¡µÃ¸ø¶¨AuthorµÄËùÓÐ Book ʵÀý.

·ÖÒ³ºÍÅÅÐò

¸úlist ·½·¨ÉÏ¿ÉÓõķÖÒ³ºÍÅÅÐò²ÎÊýÒ»Ñù£¬ËûÃÇͬÑù¿ÉÒÔ±»ÌṩΪһ¸ömapÓÃÓÚ¶¯Ì¬²éѯÆ÷µÄ×îºóÒ»¸ö²ÎÊý¡£

def books = 
  Book.findAllByTitleLike("Harry Pot%", [max:3, 
                                         offset:2, 
                                         sort:"asc", 
                                         order:"title"])

5.4.2 Ìõ¼þ²éѯ

Criteria¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýcreateCriteria »òÕß withCriteria ·½·¨À´Ê¹Óá£builderʹÓÃHibernateµÄCriteria API,builderÉϵĽڵã¶ÔÓ¦Hibernate Criteria APIÖÐ Restrictions ÀàÖеľ²Ì¬·½·¨¡£Ó÷¨Ê¾Àý:

def c = Account.createCriteria()
def results = c {
	like("holderFirstName", "Fred%")
	and {
		between("balance", 500, 1000)
		eq("branch", "London")
	}
	maxResults(10)
	order("holderLastName", "desc")
}

Âß¼­Ó루Conjunctions£©ºÍÂß¼­»ò£¨Disjunctions£©

ÈçÇ°ÃæÀý×ÓËùÑÝʾµÄ£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔÓÃand { } ¿éÀ´·Ö×écriteriaµ½Ò»¸öÂß¼­AND:

and {
	between("balance", 500, 1000)
	eq("branch", "London")
}

Âß¼­ORÒ²¿ÉÒÔÕâô×ö:

or {
	between("balance", 500, 1000)
	eq("branch", "London")
}

ÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔÓÃÂß¼­NOTÀ´·ñ¶¨:

not {
	between("balance", 500, 1000)
	eq("branch", "London")
}

²éѯ¹ØÁª

¹ØÁª¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýʹÓÃÒ»¸ö¸ú¹ØÁªÊôÐÔͬÃûµÄ½ÚµãÀ´²éѯ¡£±ÈÈçÎÒÃÇ˵AccountÀàÓйØÁªµ½¶à¸ö Transaction ¶ÔÏó:

class Account {
    …
    def hasMany = [transactions:Transaction]
    Set transactions
    …
}

ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃÊôÐÔÃû transaction ×÷ΪbuilderµÄÒ»¸ö½ÚµãÀ´²éѯÕâ¸ö¹ØÁª:

def c = Account.createCriteria()
def now = new Date()
def results = c.list {
       transactions {
            between('date',now-10, now)
       }
}

The above code will find all the Account instances that have performed transactions within the last 10 days. ÉÏÃæµÄ´úÂ뽫»á²éÕÒËùÓйýÈ¥10ÌìÄÚÖ´Ðйýtransactions µÄ AccountʵÀý¡£ÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔÔÚÂß¼­¿éÖÐǶÌ×¹ØÁª²éѯ:

def c = Account.createCriteria()
def now = new Date()
def results = c.list {
     or {
        between('created',now-10,now)
        transactions {
             between('date',now-10, now)
        }
     }
}

ÕâÀï,ÎÒÃǽ«ÕÒ³öÔÚ×î½ü10ÌìÄÚ½øÐйý½»Ò×»òÕß×î½ü10ÌìÄÚд´½¨µÄËùÓÐÓû§¡£

ͶӰ(Projections)²éѯ

ͶӰ±»ÓÃÓÚ¶¨ÖƲéѯ½á¹û¡£ÒªÊ¹ÓÃͶӰÄãÐèÒªÔÚcriteria builderÊ÷ÀﶨÒåÒ»¸ö"projections"½Úµã¡£projections½ÚµãÄÚ¿ÉÓõķ½·¨µÈͬÓÚ Hibernate µÄProjections ÀàÖеķ½·¨.

def c = Account.createCriteria()
def numberOfBranches = c.get {
	projections {
		countDistinct('branch')
	}
}

ʹÓÿɹö¶¯µÄ½á¹û

Äã¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýµ÷ÓÃscroll·½·¨À´Ê¹ÓÃHibernateµÄScrollableResults ÌØÐÔ¡£

def results = crit.scroll {
      maxResults(10)
}
def f = results.first()
def l = results.last()
def n = results.next()
def p = results.previous()
def future = results.scroll(10)
def accountNumber = results.getLong('number')

ÏÂÃæÒýÓõÄÊÇHibernateÎĵµÖйØÓÚScrollableResultsµÄÃèÊö:

½á¹û¼¯µÄµü´úÆ÷£¨iterator£©¿ÉÒÔÒÔÈÎÒâ²½½øµÄ·½Ê½Ç°ºóÒƶ¯£¬¶øQuery / ScrollableResultsģʽ¸úJDBCµÄPreparedStatement/ ResultSetÒ²ºÜÏñ£¬Æä½Ó¿Ú·½·¨ÃûµÄÓïÒâÒ²¸úResultSetµÄÀàËÆ¡£

²»Í¬ÓÚJDBC£¬½á¹ûÁеıàºÅÊÇ´Ó0¿ªÊ¼.

ÔÚCriteriaʵÀýÖÐÉèÖÃÊôÐÔ

Èç¹ûÔÚbuilderÊ÷ÄÚ²¿µÄÒ»¸ö½Úµã²»Æ¥ÅäÈκÎÒ»ÏîÌض¨±ê×¼£¬Ëü½«³¢ÊÔÉèÖÃΪCriteria¶ÔÏó×ÔÉíµÄÊôÐÔ¡£Òò´ËÔÊÐíÍêÈ«·ÃÎÊÕâ¸öÀàµÄËùÓÐÊôÐÔ¡£ÏÂÃæµÄÀý×ÓÊÇÔÚCriteriaʵÀýÉϵ÷ÓÃsetMaxResults ºÍ setFirstResult:

import org.hibernate.FetchMode as FM
	....
	def results = c.list {
		maxResults(10)
		firstResult(50)
		fetchMode("aRelationship", FM.EAGER)
	}

Á¢¼´×¥È¡µÄ·½Ê½²éѯ

ÔÚ Á¢¼´¼ÓÔغÍÑÓ³Ù¼ÓÔØ Õâ½Ú£¬ÎÒÃÇÌÖÂÛÁËÈç¹ûÖ¸¶¨Ìض¨µÄץȡ·½Ê½À´±ÜÃâN+1²éѯµÄÎÊÌâ¡£Õâ¸öcriteria²éѯҲ¿ÉÒÔ×öµ½:

import org.hibernate.FetchMode as FM
// ......
def criteria = Task.createCriteria()
def tasks = criteria.list{
     eq("assignee.id", task.assignee.id)
     fetchMode('assignee', FM.EAGER)
     fetchMode('project', FM.EAGER)
     order('priority', 'asc')
}

·½·¨ÒýÓÃ

Èç¹ûÄãµ÷ÓÃÒ»¸öûÓз½·¨ÃûµÄbuilder£¬±ÈÈç:

c { … }

ĬÈϵĻáÁгöËùÓнá¹û£¬Òò´ËÉÏÃæ´úÂëµÈ¼ÛÓÚ:

c.list { … }

·½·¨	ÃèÊö
list	ÕâÊÇĬÈϵķ½·¨¡£Ëü»á·µ»ØËùÓÐÆ¥ÅäµÄÐС£
get	·µ»ØΨһµÄ½á¹û¼¯£¬±ÈÈ磬¾ÍÒ»ÐС£criteriaÒѾ­¹æ¶¨ºÃÁË£¬½ö½ö²éѯһÐС£Õâ¸ö·½·¨¸ü·½±ã£¬ÃâµÃʹÓÃÒ»¸ölimitÀ´Ö»È¡µÚÒ»ÐÐʹÈËÃÔ»ó¡£
scroll	·µ»ØÒ»¸ö¿É¹ö¶¯µÄ½á¹û¼¯
listDistinct	Èç¹û×Ó²éѯ»òÕß¹ØÁª±»Ê¹Óã¬ÓÐÒ»¸ö¿ÉÄܾÍÊÇÔÚ½á¹û¼¯Öжà´Î³öÏÖͬһÐУ¬Õâ¸ö·½·¨ÔÊÐíÖ»Áгö²»Í¬µÄÌõÄ¿£¬ËüµÈ¼ÛÓÚCriteriaSpecification ÀàµÄDISTINCT_ROOT_ENTITY¡£

5.4.3 Hibernate²éѯÓïÑÔ

GORMÌṩÁËһЩʹÓÃHQLµÄ·½·¨£¬°üÀ¨find, findAll ºÍ executeQuery¡£ÏÂÃæÊÇÒ»¸ö²éѯµÄÀý×Ó:

def results =
      Book.findAll("from Book as b where b.title like 'Lord of the%'")

λÖúÍÃüÃû²ÎÊý

ÉÏÃæµÄÀý×ÓÖд«µÝ¸ø²éѯµÄÖµÊÇÓ²±àÂëµÄ£¬µ«ÊÇ£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔͬÑùµØʹÓÃλÖòÎÊý:

def results =
      Book.findAll("from Book as b where b.title like ?", ["The Shi%"])

»òÕßÉõÖÁʹÓÃÃüÃû²ÎÊý:

def results =
      Book.findAll("from Book as b where b.title like :search or b.author like :search", [search:"The Shi%"])

¶àÐвéѯ

Èç¹ûÄãÐèÒª½«²éѯ·Ö¸îµ½¶àÐÐÄã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃÒ»¸öÐÐÁ¬½Ó·û:

def results = Book.findAll("""\\
from Book as b, \\
     Author as a \\
where b.author = a and a.surname = ?""", ['Smith'])

Groovy µÄ¶àÐÐ×Ö·û´®¶ÔHQL²éѯÎÞЧ

·ÖÒ³ºÍÅÅÐò

ʹÓÃHQL²éѯµÄʱºòÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔ½øÐзÖÒ³ºÍÅÅÐò¡£Òª×öµÄÖ»ÊǼòµ¥Ö¸¶¨·ÖÒ³ºÍÅÅÐò²ÎÊý×÷Ϊһ¸öÉ¢ÁÐÔÚ·½·¨µÄĩβµ÷ÓÃ:

def results =
      Book.findAll("from Book as b where b.title like 'Lord of the%'", 
                   [max:10, offset:20, sort:"asc", order:"title"])

5.5 ¸ß¼¶GORMÌØÐÔ

5.5.1 ʼþºÍ×Ô¶¯ÊµÏÖʱ¼ä´Á

ʼþÀàÐÍ

beforeInsertʼþ

´¥·¢µ±Ò»¸ö¶ÔÏó±£´æµ½Êý¾Ý¿â֮ǰ

class Person {
   Date dateCreated
   def beforeInsert = {
       dateCreated = new Date()
   }
}

beforeUpdateʼþ

¸üÐÂǰʼþ

class Person {
   Date dateCreated
   Date lastUpdated
   def beforeInsert = {
       dateCreated = new Date()
   }
   def beforeUpdate = {
       lastUpdated = new Date()
   }
}

beforeDeleteʼþ

´¥·¢µ«Ò»¸ö¶ÔÏó±»É¾³ý

class Person {
   String name
   Date dateCreated
   Date lastUpdated
   def beforeDelete = {
      new ActivityTrace(eventName:"Person Deleted",data:name).save()
   }
}

onLoadʼþ

´¥·¢µ±Ò»¸ö¶ÔÏó´ÓÊý¾Ý¿âÈ¡³ö

class Person {
   String name
   Date dateCreated
   Date lastUpdated
   def onLoad = {
      name = "I'm loaded"
   }
}

×Ô¶¯Ê±¼ä´Á

Èç¹û£¬ÕâЩÐÐΪ²»ÊÇÄãÐèÒªµÄ£¬¿ÉÒÔÆÁ±ÎÕâЩ¹¦ÄÜ¡£ÈçÏÂÉèÖÃ

class Person {
   Date dateCreated
   Date lastUpdated
   static mapping = {
      autoTimestamp false
   }
}

5.5.2 ×Ô¶¨ÒåORMÓ³Éä

ÕâÊDZØÒªµÄ£¬Èç¹ûÄã¸ßÐ˵ؼá³ÖÒÔÔ¼¶¨À´¶¨ÒåGORM¶ÔÓ¦µÄ±í£¬ÁÐÃûµÈ¡£ÄãÖ»ÐèÒªÕâ¸ö¹¦ÄÜ£¬Èç¹ûÄãÐèÒª¶¨ÖÆGORM Ó³Éäµ½ÒÅÁôÄ£ÐÍ»ò½øÐлº´æ

×Ô¶¨ÒåÓ³ÉäÊÇʹÓþ²Ì¬µÄmapping¿é¶¨ÒåÔÚÄãµÄÓòÀàÖеģº

class Person {
  ..
  static mapping = {
  }
}

5.5.2.1 ±íÃûºÍÁÐÃû

±íÃû

ÀàÓ³Éäµ½Êý¾Ý¿âµÄ±íÃû¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýʹÓÃtable¹Ø¼ü×ÖÀ´¶¨ÖÆ

class Person {
  ..
  static mapping = {
      table 'people'
  }
}

ÔÚÉÏÃæµÄÀý×ÓÖУ¬Àà»áÓ³Éäµ½people±íÀ´´úÌæĬÈϵÄperson±í

ÁÐÃû

ͬÑù£¬Ò²ÊÇ¿ÉÄܵĶ¨ÖÆij¸öÁе½Êý¾Ý¿â¡£±ÈÈç˵£¬ÄãÏë¸Ä±äÁÐÃûÀý×ÓÈçÏÂ

class Person {
  String firstName
  static mapping = {
      table 'people'
      firstName column:'First_Name'
  }
}

ÔÚÕâ¸öÀý×ÓÖУ¬Ä㶨ÒåÁËÒ»¸öcolumn¿é£¬´Ë¿é°üº¬µÄ·½·¨µ÷ÓÃÆ¥Åäÿһ¸öÊôÐÔÃû³Æ£¨±¾Àý×ÓÖÐÊÇ firstName£©£¬½ÓÏÂÀ´Ê¹ÓÃÃüÃûµÄcolumnÀ´Ö¸¶¨×Ö¶ÎÃû³ÆµÄÓ³Éä

ÁÐÀàÐÍ

GORM supports configuration of Hibernate types via the DSL using the type attribute. This includes specifing user types that subclass the Hibernate org.hibernate.types.UserType class. As an example GORM»¹¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýDSLµÄtypeÊôÐÔÀ´Ö§³ÖHibernateÀàÐÍ£¬°üÀ¨Ìض¨HibernateµÄorg.hibernate.types.UserTypeµÄ×ÓÀà¡£±ÈÈ磬ÓÐÒ»¸öPostCodeType,Äã¿ÉÒÔÏóÏÂÃæÕâÑùʹÓãº

class Address {
   String number
   String postCode
   static mapping = {
      postCode type:PostCodeType
   }
}

ÁíÍâÈç¹ûÄãÏ뽫ËüÓ³Éäµ½HibernateµÄ»ù±¾ÀàÐͶø²»ÊÇGrailsµÄĬÈÏÀàÐÍ£¬¿ÉÒԲο¼ÏÂÃæ´úÂ룺

class Address {
   String number
   String postCode
   static mapping = {
      postCode type:'text'
   }
}

ÉÏÃæµÄÀý×Ó½«Ê¹postCodeÁÐÓ³Éäµ½Êý¾Ý¿âµÄSQL TEXT»òÕßCLOBÀàÐÍ

Ò»¶ÔÒ»Ó³Éä

ÔÚ¹ØÁªÖУ¬ÄãÒ²Óлú»á¸Ä±äÍâ¼üÓ³ÉäÁªÏµ£¬ÔÚÒ»¶ÔÒ»µÄ¹ØϵÖУ¬¶ÔÁеIJÙ×÷¸úÆäËû³£¹æµÄÁвÙ×÷²¢ÎÞ¶þÒ죬Àý×ÓÈçÏÂ

class Person {
  String firstName
  Address address
  static mapping = {
      table 'people'
      firstName column:'First_Name'
      address column:'Person_Adress_Id'
  }
}

ĬÈÏÇé¿öÏ£¬address½«Ó³Éäµ½Ò»¸öÃû³ÆΪaddress_id µÄÍâ¼ü¡£µ«ÊÇʹÓÃÉÏÃæµÄÓ³É䣬ÎÒÃǸıäÍâ¼üÁÐΪPerson_Adress_Id

Ò»¶Ô¶àÓ³Éä

ÔÚÒ»¸öË«ÏòµÄÒ»¶Ô¶à¹ØϵÖУ¬Äã¿ÉÒÔÏóÇ°½ÚÖеÄÒ»¶ÔÒ»¹ØϵÖÐÄÇÑù¸Ä±äÍâ¼üÁУ¬Ö»ÐèÒªÔÚ¶àµÄÒ»¶ËÖиıäÁÐÃû¼´¿É¡£È»¶ø£¬ÔÚµ¥Ïò¹ØÁªÖУ¬Íâ¼üÐèÒªÔÚ¹ØÁª×ÔÉíÖУ¨¼´Ò»µÄÒ»¶Ë-ÒëÕß×¢£©Ö¸¶¨¡£±ÈÈ磬¸ø¶¨Ò»¸öµ¥ÏòÒ»¶Ô¶àÁªÏµPersonºÍAddress£¬ÏÂÃæµÄ´úÂë»á¸Ä±äaddress±íÖÐÍâ¼ü¡£

class Person {
  String firstName
  static hasMany = [addresses:Address]
  static mapping = {
      table 'people'
      firstName column:'First_Name'
	  addresses column:'Person_Address_Id'
  }
}

Èç¹ûÄã²»ÏëÔÚaddress±íÖÐÓÐÕâ¸öÁУ¬¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÖмä¹ØÁª±íÀ´Íê³É£¬Ö»ÐèҪʹÓÃjoinTable²ÎÊý¼´¿É£º

class Person {
  String firstName
  static hasMany = [addresses:Address]
  static mapping = {
      table 'people'
      firstName column:'First_Name'
      addresses joinTable:[name:'Person_Addresses', key:'Person_Id', column:'Address_Id']
  }
}

¶à¶Ô¶àÓ³Éä

ĬÈÏÇé¿öÏ£¬GrailsÖжà¶Ô¶àµÄÓ³ÉäÊÇͨ¹ýÖмä±íÀ´Íê³ÉµÄ£¬ÒÔÏÂÃæµÄ¶à¶Ô¶à¹ØÁªÎªÀý£º

class Group {
	…
	static hasMany = [people:Person]
}
class Person {
	…
	static belongsTo = Group
	static hasMany = [groups:Group]
}

ÔÚÉÏÃæµÄÀý×ÓÖУ¬Grails½«»á´´½¨Ò»¸ögroup_person±í°üº¬Íâ¼üperson_idºÍgroup_id¶ÔÓ¦personºÍgroup±í¡£¼ÙÈçÄãÐèÒª¸Ä±äÁÐÃû£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔΪÿ¸öÀàÖ¸¶¨Ò»¸öÁÐÓ³Éä

class Group {
   …
   static mapping = {
       people column:'Group_Person_Id'
   }	
}
class Person {
   …
   static mapping = {
       groups column:'Group_Group_Id'
   }	
}

ÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔÖ¸¶¨Öмä±íµÄÃû³Æ

class Group {
   …
   static mapping = {
       people column:'Group_Person_Id',joinTable:'PERSON_GROUP_ASSOCIATIONS'
   }	
}
class Person {
   …
   static mapping = {
       groups column:'Group_Group_Id',joinTable:'PERSON_GROUP_ASSOCIATIONS'
   }	
}

5.5.2.2 »º´æ²ßÂÔ

ÉèÖûº´æ

Hibernate ±¾ÉíÌṩÁË×Ô¶¨Òå¶þ¼¶»º´æµÄÌØÐÔ£¬Õâ¾ÍÐèÒªÔÚgrails-app/conf/DataSource.groovyÎļþÖÐÅäÖãº

hibernate {
    cache.use_second_level_cache=true
    cache.use_query_cache=true
    cache.provider_class='org.hibernate.cache.EhCacheProvider'
}

µ±È»£¬ÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔ°´ÄãËùÐèÀ´¶¨ÖÆÉèÖᣱÈÈ磬ÄãÏëʹÓ÷ֲ¼Ê½»º´æ»úÖÆ

ÏëÁ˽â¸ü¶àHibernateµÄ¶þ¼¶»º´æ£¬²Î¿¼HibernateÏà¹ØÎĵµ

»º´æʵÀý

¼ÙÈçÒªÔÚÓ³Éä´úÂë¿éÖÐÆôÓÃȱʡµÄ»º´æ£¬¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýµ÷ÓÃcache·½·¨ÊµÏÖ£º

class Person {
  ..
  static mapping = {
      table 'people'
      cache true
  }
}

ÉÏÃæµÄÀý×ÓÖн«ÅäÖÃÒ»¸ö¶Á-д(read-write)»º´æ°üÀ¨lazyºÍnon-lazyÊôÐÔ¡£¼ÙÈçÄãÏ붨ÖÆÕâЩÌØÐÔ£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔÈçÏÂËùʾ£º

class Person {
  ..
  static mapping = {
      table 'people'
      cache usage:'read-only', include:'non-lazy'
  }
}

»º´æ¹ØÁª¶ÔÏó

¾ÍÏñʹÓÃHibernateµÄ¶þ¼¶»º´æÀ´»º´æʵÀýÒ»Ñù£¬ÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔÀ´»º´æ¼¯ºÏ£¨¹ØÁª£©£¬±ÈÈ磺

class Person {
  String firstName
  static hasMany = [addresses:Address]
  static mapping = {
      table 'people'
      version false
      addresses column:'Address', cache:true
  }
}
class Address {
   String number
   String postCode
}

ÉÏÃæµÄÀý×ÓÖУ¬ÎÒÃÇÔÚaddresses¼¯ºÏÆôÓÃÁËÒ»¸ö¶Á-д»º´æ£¬ÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ

cache:'read-write' // or 'read-only' or 'transactional'

¸ü¶àÅäÖÃÇë²Î¿¼»º´æÓ÷¨

»º´æÓ÷¨

ÏÂÃæÊDz»Í¬»º´æÉèÖúÍËûÃǵÄʹÓ÷½·¨

• read-only - ¼ÙÈçÄãµÄÓ¦ÓóÌÐòÐèÒª¶Áµ«ÊÇ´Ó²»ÐèÒª¸ü¸Ä³Ö¾Ã»¯ÊµÀý£¬Ö»¶Á»º´æ»òÐíÊÊÓÃ
• read-write - ¼ÙÈçÄãµÄÓ¦ÓóÌÐòÐèÒª¸üÐÂÊý¾Ý£¬¶Á-д»º´æ»òÐíÊǺÏÊʵÄ
• nonstrict-read-write - ¼ÙÈçÄãµÄÓ¦ÓóÌÐò½öż¶ûÐèÒª¸üÐÂÊý¾Ý£¨Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬Èç¹ûÕâÊǼ«²»¿ÉÄÜÁ½±Ê½»Ò×£¬½«³¢ÊÔ¸üÐÂͬһÏîĿͬʱ£©²¢ÇÒʱ½øÐУ© £¬²¢Ñϸñ½»Ò׸ôÀ룬ÊDz»ÊÇÐèÒªÒ»¸ö·ÇÑϸñ-¶Áд»º´æ¿ÉÄÜÊÇÊÊÒ˵Ä
• transactional - transactional»º´æ²ßÂÔÌṩ֧³Ö¶ÔÈ«ÊÂÎñ»º´æÌṩ±ÈÈçJBossµÄTreeCache¡£Õâ¸ö»º´æ»òÐí½ö½öʹÓÃÔÚÒ»¸öJTA»·¾³£¬Í¬Ê±Äã±ØÐëÔÚgrails-app/conf/DataSource.groovyÎļþÖÐÅäÖÃhibernate.transaction.manager_lookup_class

5.5.2.3 ¼Ì³Ð²ßÂÔ

class Payment {
    Long id
    Long version
    Integer amount
    static mapping = {
        tablePerHierarchy false
    }
}
class CreditCardPayment extends Payment  {
    String cardNumber
}

ÔÚ×æÏÈPaymentÀàµÄÓ³ÉäÉèÖÃÖУ¬Ö¸¶¨ÁËÔÚËùÓеÄ×ÓÀàÖУ¬²»Ê¹ÓÃtable-per-hierarchyÓ³Éä¡£

5.5.2.4 ×Ô¶¨ÒåÊý¾Ý¿â±êʶ·û

Ϊ´Ë£¬HibernateÌصض¨ÒåÁËidÉú³ÉÆ÷µÄ¸ÅÄÄã¿ÉÒÔ×Ô¶¨ÒåËüÒªÓ³ÉäµÄidÉú³ÉÆ÷ºÍÁУ¬ÈçÏ£º

class Person {
  ..
  static mapping = {
      table 'people'
      version false
      id generator:'hilo', params:[table:'hi_value',column:'next_value',max_lo:100]
  }
}

ÔÚÉÏÃæµÄÀý×ÓÖУ¬ÎÒÃÇʹÓÃÁËHibernateÄÚÖõÄ'hilo'Éú³ÉÆ÷£¬´ËÉú³ÉÆ÷ͨ¹ýÒ»¸ö¶ÀÁ¢µÄ±íÀ´Éú³Éids¡£´ËÍ⻹ÓÐÐí¶à²»Í¬µÄÉú³ÉÆ÷¿ÉÒÔÅäÖ㬾ßÌå²Î¿¼HibernateÔÚÕâ¸öÖ÷ÌâÉϵÄÏà¹ØÎĵµ¡£

ÏëÁ˽â¸ü¶à²»Í¬µÄHibernateÉú³ÉÆ÷Çë²Î¿¼HibernateÎĵµ

×¢Ò⣬Èç¹ûÄã½ö½öÏ붨ÖÆÁÐid£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔÕâÑù

class Person {
  ..
  static mapping = {
      table 'people'
      version false
      id column:'person_id'
  }
}

5.5.2.5 ¸´ºÏÖ÷¼ü

class Person {
  String firstName
  String lastName
  static mapping = {
      id composite:['firstName', 'lastName']
  }
}

ÉÏÃæµÄ´úÂ뽫ͨ¹ýPersonÀàµÄfirstNameºÍlastNameÊôÐÔÀ´´´½¨Ò»¸ö¸´ºÏid¡£µ±ÄãºóÃæÐèҪͨ¹ýidÈ¡Ò»¸öʵÀýʱ£¬Äã±ØÐëÓÃÕâ¸ö¶ÔÏóµÄÔ­ÐÍ

def p = Person.get(new Person(firstName:"Fred", lastName:"Flintstone"))
println p.firstName

5.5.2.6 Êý¾Ý¿âË÷Òý

class Person {
  String firstName
  String address
  static mapping = {
      table 'people'
      version false
      id column:'person_id'
      firstName column:'First_Name', index:'Name_Idx'
      address column:'Address', index:'Name_Idx, Address_Index'
  }
}

5.5.2.7 ÀÖ¹ÛËøºÍ°æ±¾¶¨Òå

Èç¹ûÄãÓ³ÉäµÄÊÇÒ»¸öÒÅÁôÊý¾Ý¿â£¨ÒѾ­´æÔÚµÄÊý¾Ý¿â--ÒëÕß×¢£©£¬Õ⽫ÊÇÒ»¸öÎÊÌ⣬Òò´Ë¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÈçÏ·½·¨À´¹Ø±ÕÕâ¸ö¹¦ÄÜ£º

class Person {
  ..
  static mapping = {
      table 'people'
      version false
  }
}

Èç¹ûÄã¹Ø±ÕÁËÀÖ¹ÛËø£¬Ä㽫×Ô¼º¸ºÔð²¢·¢¸üв¢ÇÒ´æÔÚÓû§¶ªÊ§Êý¾ÝµÄ·çÏÕ£¨³ý·ÇÄãʹÓñ¯¹ÛËø£©¡£

5.5.2.8 Á¢¼´¼ÓÔغÍÑÓ³Ù¼ÓÔØ

ÑÓ³Ù¼ÓÔؼ¯ºÏ

¾ÍÏñÔÚÁ¢¼´¼ÓÔغÍÑÓ³Ù¼ÓÔز¿·ÖÌÖÂ۵ģ¬Ä¬ÈÏÇé¿öÏ£¬GORM ¼¯ºÏʹÓÃÑÓ³Ù¼ÓÔصIJ¢ÇÒ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýfetchModeÀ´ÅäÖà ¡£µ«Èç¹ûÄã¸üϲ»¶°ÑÄãËùÓеÄÓ³É䶼¼¯ÖÐÔÚmappings´úÂë¿éÖУ¬ÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃORMµÄDSLÀ´ÅäÖûñȡģʽ£º

class Person {
  String firstName
  static hasMany = [addresses:Address]
  static mapping = {
      addresses lazy:false
  }
}
class Address {
  String street
  String postCode
}

ÑÓ³Ù¼ÓÔص¥Ïò¹ØÁª

ÔÚGORMÖУ¬one-to-oneºÍmany-to-one¹ØÁªÈ±Ê¡ÊÇ·ÇÑÓ³Ù¼ÓÔصġ£ÕâÔÚÓкܶàʵÌ壨Êý¾Ý¿â¼Ç¼-ÒëÕß×¢£©µÄʱºò£¬»á²úÉúÐÔÄÜÎÊÌ⣬ÓÈÆäÊǹØÁª²éѯÊÇÒÔеÄSELECTÓï¾äÖ´ÐеÄʱºò£¬´ËʱÄãÓ¦¸Ã½«one-to-oneºÍmany-to-one¹ØÁªµÄÑÓ³Ù¼ÓÔØÏ󼯺ÏÄÇÑù½øÐÐÉèÖÃ:

class Person {
	String firstName
	static belongsTo = [address:Address]
	static mapping = {
		address lazy:true // lazily fetch the address
	}
}
class Address {
	String street
	String postCode
}

ÕâÀïÎÒÃÇÉèÖà PersonµÄaddressÊôÐÔΪÑÓ³Ù¼ÓÔØ

5.6 ÊÂÎñ±à³Ì

µäÐ͵ÄʹÓó¡¾°ÈçÏ£º

def transferFunds = {
	Account.withTransaction { status ->
		def source = Account.get(params.from)
		def dest = Account.get(params.to)
		def amount = params.amount.toInteger()
		if(source.active) {
			source.balance -= amount
			if(dest.active) {
				dest.amount += amount
			}
			else {
				status.setRollbackOnly()
			}
		}
		
	}
}

ÔÚÉÏÃæµÄÀý×ÓÖУ¬Èç¹ûÄ¿µÄÕË»§Ã»Óд¦Óڻ״̬£¬ÏµÍ³½«»Ø¹öÊÂÎñ£¬Í¬Ê±Èç¹ûÓÐÈκÎÒì³£Å׳öÔÚÊÂÎñµÄ´¦Àí¹ý³ÌÖÐÒ²½«»á×Ô¶¯»Ø¹ö¡£

¼ÙÈçÄã²»Ïë»Ø¹öÕû¸öÊÂÎñ£¬ÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ"save points"À´»Ø¹öÒ»¸öÊÂÎñµ½Ò»¸öÌض¨µÄµã¡£Äã¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýʹÓÃSpringµÄSavePointManager½Ó¿ÚÀ´´ïµ½Õâ¸öÄ¿µÄ¡£

withTransaction·½·¨ÎªÄã´¦Àíbegin/commit/rollback´úÂë¿é×÷ÓÃÓòÄÚµÄÂß¼­¡£

5.7 GORMºÍÔ¼Êø

Grailsͨ¹ýʹÓÃÁìÓòÀàµÄÔ¼ÊøÀ´Ó°ÏìÊý¾Ý¿â±í×ֶΣ¨ÁìÓòÀàËù¶ÔÓÚµÄÊôÐÔ£©µÄÉú³É£¬»¹ÊÇ¿ÉÐеġ£

¿¼ÂÇÏÂÃæµÄÀý×Ó£¬¼ÙÈçÎÒÃÇÓÐÒ»¸öÓòÄ£ÐÍÈçϵÄÊôÐÔ£º

String description

ĬÈÏÇé¿öÏ£¬ÔÚMySqlÊý¾Ý¿âÖУ¬Grails½«»á¶¨ÒåÕâ¸öÁÐΪ

column name | data type 
 description | varchar(255)

µ«ÊÇ£¬ÔÚÒµÎñ¹æÔòÖУ¬ÒªÇóÕâ¸öÁìÓòÀàµÄdescriptionÊôÐÔÄܹ»ÈÝÄÉ1000¸ö×Ö·û£¬ÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬Èç¹ûÎÒÃÇÊÇʹÓÃSQL½Å±¾£¬ÄÇôÎÒÃǶ¨ÒåµÄÕâ¸öÁпÉÄÜÊÇ£º

column name | data type 
 description | TEXT

ÏÖÔÚÎÒÃÇÓÖÏëÒªÔÚ»ùÓÚÓ¦ÓóÌÐòµÄ½øÐÐÑéÖ¤£¬_ÒªÇóÔڳ־û¯ÈκμǼ֮ǰ_£¬È·±£²»Äܳ¬¹ý1000¸ö×Ö·û¡£ÔÚGrailsÖУ¬ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÔ¼ÊøÀ´Íê³É£¬ÎÒÃǽ«ÔÚÁìÓòÀàÖÐÐÂÔöÈçϵÄÔ¼ÊøÉùÃ÷£º

static constraints = {
        description(maxSize:1000)
}

Õâ¸öÔ¼ÊøÌõ¼þ½«»áÌṩÎÒÃÇËùÐèµÄ»ùÓÚÓ¦ÓóÌÐòµÄÑéÖ¤²¢ÇÒÒ²½«Éú³ÉÉÏÊöʾÀýËùʾµÄÊý¾Ý¿âÐÅÏ¢¡£ÏÂÃæÊÇÓ°ÏìÊý¾Ý¿âÉú³ÉµÄÆäËûÔ¼ÊøµÄÃèÊö¡£

Ó°Ïì×Ö·û´®ÀàÐÍÊôÐÔµÄÔ¼Êø

• inList
• maxSize
• size

Èç¹ûmaxSize»òÕßsizeÔ¼Êø±»¶¨Ò壬Grails½«¸ù¾ÝÔ¼ÊøµÄÖµÉèÖÃÁеÄ×î´ó³¤¶È¡£

ͨ³££¬²»½¨ÒéÔÚͬһ¸öµÄÁìÓòÀàÖÐ×éºÏʹÓÃÕâЩԼÊø¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬Èç¹ûÄã·ÇҪͬʱ¶¨ÒåmaxSizeºÍsizeÔ¼ÊøµÄ»°£¬Grails½«ÉèÖÃÁеij¤¶ÈΪmaxSizeÔ¼ÊøºÍsizeÉÏÏÞÔ¼ÊøµÄ×îÉÙÖµ£¨GrailsʹÓÃÁ½ÕßµÄ×îÉÙÖµ£¬Òò´ËÈκγ¬¹ý×îÉÙÖµµÄ³¤¶È½«µ¼ÖÂÑéÖ¤´íÎó£©

Èç¹û¶¨ÒåÁËinListÔ¼Êø£¨maxSizeºÍsize䶨Ò壩µÄ»°£¬×Ö¶Î×î´ó³¤¶È½«È¡¾öÓÚÁÐ±í£¨list£©ÖÐ××Ö·û´®µÄµÄ³¤¶È¡£ÒÔ"Java"¡¢"Groovy"ºÍ"C++"ΪÀý£¬Grails½«ÉèÖÃ×ֶεij¤¶ÈΪ6£¨"Groovy"µÄ×º¬ÓÐ6¸ö×Ö·û£©¡£

Ó°ÏìÊýÖµÀàÐÍÊôÐÔµÄÔ¼Êø

• min
• max
• range

Èç¹û¶¨ÒåÁËÔ¼Êømax¡¢min»òÕßrange£¬Grails½«»ùÓÚÔ¼ÊøµÄÖµ³¢ÊÔ×ÅÉèÖÃÁеľ«¶È£¨ÉèÖõĽá¹ûºÜ´ó³Ì¶ÈÉÏÒÀÀµÓÚHibernate¸úµ×²ãÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳµÄ½»»¥³Ì¶È£©¡£

ͨ³£À´Ëµ£¬²»½¨ÒéÔÚͬһÁìÓòÀàµÄÊôÐÔÉÏ×éºÏ³ÉË«µÄmin/maxºÍrangeÔ¼Êø£¬µ«ÊÇÈç¹ûÕâЩԼÊøͬʱ±»¶¨ÒåÁË£¬ÄÇôGrails½«Ê¹ÓÃÔ¼ÊøÖµÖеÄ×îÉÙ¾«¶ÈÖµ£¨GrailsÈ¡Á½ÕßµÄ×îÉÙÖµ£¬ÊÇÒòΪÈÎÒⳬ¹ý×îÉÙ¾«¶ÈµÄ³¤¶È½«»áµ¼ÖÂÒ»¸öÑéÖ¤´íÎ󣩡£

• scale

Èç¹û¶¨ÒåÁËscaleÔ¼Êø£¬ÄÇôGrails»áÊÔͼʹÓûùÓÚÔ¼ÊøµÄÖµÀ´ÉèÖÃÁеıê¶È£¨scale£©¡£´Ë¹æÔò½ö½öÓ¦ÓÃÓÚ¸¡µ